Empires of Asia Chapter 7

Three Muslim Empires Section 1 Ottoman Persian Mogul

Ottoman Empire Founded by Osman- Leader of the Turks during the late 1200s By 1453 the Turks, under Mehmed II,had conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople – Dechristianized the city by Renaming it Istanbul Making the Hagia Sophia a Mosque They controlled most of the trade in the Mediterranean Sea until the Battle at Lepanto in 1571 when they were defeated by Spain

Selim I AKA Selim the Grim 9 th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Came to power in 1512 – Forced his father, the sultan, into exile – Killed his brothers, sons, grandsons, and nephews and all others who might claim the sultanate. – He spared one person as his heir (Suleiman) He extended the Ottoman Empire to include parts of Persia, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. His efforts made the Ottoman Empire the most important Muslim Empire in the world. First Ottoman ruler to also use title of Caliph.

Suleiman I Greatest Ottoman Ruler- from He was both Sultan and Caliph Known as “The Lawgiver” Organized Ottoman Law – Allowed non-Muslims to practice their own religion and run their own local affairs Built army of Janissaries Sultan Political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country Caliph Supreme religious leader of Islam; chosen as the successor of Mohammed Janissaries Christian boys who were given to the Sultan as tribute from conquered people. They were converted to Islam and trained to be loyal soldiers of the Sultan. Devshirme Process of converting Christians to Islam in order to make them loyal to the Sultan.

Decline of the Empire Suleiman believes lie about his son’s attempt to overthrow him. Having his heir put to death leads to a steady decline in power. The Ottomans lose control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea when they are defeated by Spain at the Battle at Lepanto in They begin to lose control of territory in Europe when they lose the battle for Vienna in They also are losing territory to the Persian Empire

Abdul Mejid I Ottoman Sultan from Tried to halt the decline of the empire by passing the Hat-I-Hamayun – It created a National Citizenship – Religious tolerance was revoked – Religious minorities lost civil authority that had been granted by Suleiman – Many ethnic minorities wanted independence not reform. This leads to war

Abdul-Hamid II Comes to power with the aid of the Young Ottomans (1876) Promised a new constitution that rejected the Hat-I-Hamayun He later dissolved the parliament and ended constitutional rule and imposed absolute rule Expelled many of the Young Ottomans who helped him come to power.

Persian Empire Ismail- Founder of the Safavid Dynasty of the Persian Empire in the 1500s – He required all Muslims to follow the Shiite form of Islam Shah Abbas- Persian leader in 1587 – He regained territory that had been lost to the Ottoman Empire – Made allies with Christians against the Ottomans – Moved capital to Isfahan – Built the Imam Mosque – During his reign, Persian language became the language of trade and diplomacy in the Muslim world Decline of Safavid Empire occurred when Qajars seize the throne in 1722 and ruled until 1926

Mogul Empire First Muslims in India in early 1200s Timur Lenk- Led first Muslims in India – conquered the city of Delhi – his empire faded after his death. Babur- Established the Mogul Empire in 1526 – When his heir became ill, legend is he prayed to be taken instead of his son. Akbar brought peace and order to the Mogul Empire – He encouraged religious tolerance between Hindus and Muslims – He tried to set up a new religion called the Divine Faith Shah Jahan known for beautiful architecture like the Taj Mahal Shah Aurangzeb- 3 rd son of Shah Jahan – 1658-Imprisoned his father in the palace – Fought his older brother for power – abandoned religious tolerance which led to revolt by other religious groups