Pages Primary Sources: Comments of the German Delegation, pgs

Trench warfare “Modern Warfare” Technologies

Vickers machine gun “Modern Warfare” Technologies

Mustard gas “Modern Warfare” Technologies

British Mark I tank “Modern Warfare” Technologies

German U-boats “Modern Warfare” Technologies

Fokker E. I “Modern Warfare” Technologies

 German commanders agreed to armistice (cease-fire) on November 11, 1918  German people stunned by sudden loss after it appeared they might win  Military tries to place blame on new civilian government  Many accept myth that Germany had been betrayed by socialist and Jewish politicians  Casualty totals after four years  10 million dead  20 million wounded  Post war influenza pandemic spreads from Asia around the globe  War cost hundreds of billions of dollars, destroys cities and farmland

 Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), George Clemenceau (France), and David Lloyd George (Britain) meet in Paris at Versailles to determine the outcome/peace of WWI.  France and Britain want to punish Germany by forcing them to take blame for the war and pay reparations.  Wilson proposes Fourteen Points (Really wants a League of Nations)  Germany is not a part of drafting the treaty, and had no opportunity to amend or refuse it. (Humiliated)  Austro-Hungarian empire is dismembered  New nations of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia created  Poland was reborn and given chunks of what had once been German territory

 New Russian leaders (Bolsheviks) not invited to the conference  Wartime promises to the Arabs in return for war are forgotten  Britain and France divide Arab heartlands of the Middle East between themselves  China’s pleas for protection against the Japanese occupation of the Shandong peninsula were dismissed  United States never joins the League of Nations, later makes separate peace with Germany  Lays some of the foundations for WWII

 Campaigns in Africa, Middle East  Britain draws on colonial resources  Indian production stepped up  Asians, Africans work, serve  Colonies  Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

 India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines  Nationalist movements  Worldwide patterns  Leadership of Western-educated elite  Charismatic leaders  Nonviolence

 India  Indian National Congress, 1885  Initially loyal to British  Spurred by racism  Builds Indian identity

 Critique of British rule  Economic privilege for British  Indian army used for British interests  High-paid British officials  Cash crops push out food production

 Hindu/Muslim split  B.G. Tilak  Nationalism above religious concerns  Boycotts of British goods  Bombay regions  Imprisoned

 Hindu communalists  Violent means  Terrorism in Bengal  Morley-Minto reforms, 1909  More opportunity for Indians (Vote/Local councils)

 Loyal to British at start of war  But war casualties and costs mount  Inflation, famine  Promises broken (move to self government)  Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919  Greater Indian participation in government  Increased power of Indian legislators at all-India level  Provincial administrations of India under their control

 Rowlatt Act, 1919  Civil rights restricted (Press)  Gandhi protests  Mohandas K. Gandhi  Western educated combined with Hindu traditions  Nonviolence (boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, mass demonstrations)  Satyagraha, or truth force

 Egyptian nationalism preceded European conquest and domination  Ahmad Orabi- led mutiny of officers against Turkish overlords  Rising, 1882  Lord Cromer (High commissioner-British)  Reforms (Econ, Bureaucracy, Irrigation, public works)  Benefit upper classes  Journalists predominate  1890s  Political parties form (three alternatives, but none speak to poor)  Harsh repression  Dinshawi Incident, 1906  Focuses Egyptian nationalism  British grant constitution, 1913

 Egypt a British protectorate, 1914  Martial law to protect Suez Canal  War drains Egyptian resources  Egyptians refused to present at Versailles  Wafd Party  Sa'd Zaghlul  British agree to independence  From 1922  To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936  Early regimes  Little progress  [1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser]

 Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)  Independence by 1923  Reforms  Westernizing  France, Britain  Promises to former Ottoman subjects  Renege on promises to preserve independence  Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates  Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances  Balfour Declaration- Promise of Jewish homeland in Palestine  Zionism  World Zionist Organization  Theodore Herzl  Promote Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine

 General loyalty  War  Drains resources  Western-educated Africans gain authority  Pan-African movement  Marcus Garvey  W.E.B. Du Bois  Paris  Négritude: literary movement  Sédar Senghor  Aimé Césaire  Léon Damas

 What quotes or “comments” from this delegation give you an indication of the anger rising in the German people after the Treaty of Versailles?  Who/what does the German Delegation appeal to for a better solution?