1. End of War – Treaty of Versailles

2. The Big Four
Big Four – name given to the group of leaders from the four main allies in Europe and U.S.
Big Four Members
Woodrow Wilson – U.S. President
George Clemenceau – French leader
David Lloyd George – British Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando – Italian leader

3. Differing Terms to Peace
French – wanted Germany to pay for war even if it meant hurting Germany long term
British – wanted Germany to be punished but not destroyed
Italy – wanted territory for itself
U.S. – wanted the Fourteen Points passed, but other Allies felt that the terms were not hard enough
Fourteen Points – Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace in Europe which included forming a League of Nations

4. The Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles – ends World War I and brought Germany to its knees – signed by Germans on June 28, 1919
Components of treaty:
Germany pays all countries for war costs
Germany responsible for war entirely
Limit size of German military
Germany return conquered lands to France and Russia
German land taken to form new nation of Poland
German colonies given to other world powers
Made Weimar Republic (set up by French) permanent Established League of Nations – Germany not included

5. Effects of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany was humiliated – furious over treaty
Creates more hatred for the Allies
War debt payments causes Germany to enter a Depression
Economy is destroyed and they have no ability to make money as all their industrial regions and resources were taken away
Allowed for the rise of radical politics in Germany
The Nazi Party will become popular
Nazi Party will be led by a young World War I veteran named Adolf Hitler

6. U.S. Reaction to the Treaty
American government would not ratify treaty and Woodrow Wilson did not like the terms
Effects:
U.S. will try to help Germany with war debt
Will lead to us entering a depression
U.S. will not enter League of Nations – fear of getting them involved in another war
League will have little to no power and not meet its mission

7. Other Nations, Other Treaties
Treaties were made with all nations involved in war
Effects of other Treaties:
Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary were broken apart forming new nations of Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Turkey
Ottoman lands in Middle East turned into mandates
Mandates – territories to be ruled by European powers
British control of Palestine led to passage of Balfour Declaration – create a Jewish state in Palestine (first step in forming Israel)
Mandates became colonies – angered Middle Easterners

8. Cost of War Human Cost: Nearly 9,000,000 soldiers killed
Millions more wounded
Nearly an entire generation of young men in Germany, France, and Russia were wiped out
All made worse by the Spanish Influenza of 1918 which killed nearly 50,000,000 globally

9. Cost of War Economic Cost: Destroyed national economies
France, Belgium, and Russia saw their farmlands destroyed by fighting
Cities and industry were destroyed as well
Led to widespread chaos – Great Depression
Europe no longer dominant economic region of world
U.S. and Japan made a fortune of war as nations turned to them to buy goods

10. Cost of War Political Changes: Colonial Changes:
Communist Revolution in Russia – Czar gone
Monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Ottoman Empire were all overthrown
Rise of radical parties in Europe and globally
Nazi Party
Europe becomes filled with hate following war
Colonial Changes:
Colonists wanted freedom because of sacrifice made in war, but that freedom did not come
Europeans begin fighting wars in their colonies to put down rebellion

11. Question Slide 1 of 2 What men and nations made up Big Four?
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
Which of the Fourteen Points made it into the Treaty?
What were the effects of the treaty?
How did the U.S. react to the Treaty?
What happened to the Ottoman Empire and Austrian-Hungarian Empire?

12. Question Slide 2 of 2 What new nations were formed after World War I?
What were the costs of World War I? (Human, Economic, Political, and Colonial Changes)