Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction Ninth Edition By Frank Schmalleger Pearson Education, Inc.

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction Ninth Edition By Frank Schmalleger Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 What Is Criminal Justice?

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 2 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger A Brief History of Crime in America 1850 – 1880 –Crime epidemic Related to social upheaval caused by immigration and the Civil War Prohibition years –Widespread organized criminal activity 1960s and 1970s –Concern for rights of ethnic and racial minorities, women, people with physical and mental challenges By the 1980s, civil rights affected the criminal justice system

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 3 A Brief History of Crime in America Mid-1980s –Increase in sale and use of illicit drugs Mid-1990s –Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building and Columbine High School massacre –Emphasis on individual accountability September 11, 2001 –Law enforcement involves a global effort at controlling crime Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 4 A Brief History of Crime in America 2002 and 2003 –Corporate crime and white-collar crime –Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) Intended to deter corporate fraud and hold business executives accountable Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 5 The Theme of This Book Individual rights versus public order 1960s and 1970s, known as the civil rights era –Strong emphasis on individual rights –Guarantee the rights of defendants and attempt to understand the causes of crime and violence Today, we have a shift away from the offender as victim and now see the offender as a dangerous social predator Late-2010, Chelsea’s Law passed the CA senate Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 6 The Theme of This Book Individual-rights advocate –One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice Public-order advocate –One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 7 Criminal Justice & Basic Fairness Justice –The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity Social justice –Linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 8 Criminal Justice & Basic Fairness Civil justice –A component of social justice concerned with fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters Criminal justice –The aspects of social justice that concern violations of the criminal law Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 9 American Criminal Justice: System and Functions Consensus model –Assumes that the system’s components work together harmoniously to achieve justice Conflict model –Assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their own interests Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 10 Due Process and Individual Rights Due process –A right guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the U. S. Constitution –Bill of Rights –Standard was set in the 1960s by the Warren Court Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 11 The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights Rights are open to interpretation U. S. Supreme Court –Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Sixth Amendment guarantee of a right to counsel Including court-appointed counsel for those unable to afford a lawyer –Court’s interpretation of the Sixth Amendment Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 12 The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process Crime-control model –A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and convictions of offenders Due process model –A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the justice system processing Often assumed to be opposing goals Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 13 The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process Crime control through due process –A system of social control that is fair to those whom it processes –Law enforcement infused with the recognition of individual rights Social control –The use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 14 Evidence-Based Practice in Criminal Justice Refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested –Based on social science research –A major element in the increasing professionalization of criminal justice –Strong demand for the application of evidence-based practices throughout criminal justice Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 15 The Start of Academic Criminal Justice Began in the late 1920s August Vollmer persuaded the University of California to offer courses Early criminal justice education was practice oriented Primarily focused on the application of general management principles to the administration of police agencies Organizational effectiveness Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 16 The Start of Academic Criminal Justice By the 1960s, students began to apply the techniques of social science research –Criminology, sociology, psychology, and political science Criminology –The scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved 17 Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice Multiculturalism –The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society’s legal and political systems –Is one form of diversity Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 9/e Frank Schmalleger