1. 1
What is Criminal Justice?

2. A Brief History of Crime in America
Civil War, widespread immigration, crime epidemic
Prohibition, organized crime
The civil rights movement
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3. A Brief History of Crime in America
Sale and use of illicit drugs, President Reagan declared a "war on drugs
1990s
"Get tough on crime" era
2001
USA PATRIOT Act increases investigatory authority of federal, state, and local police agencies
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4. A Brief History of Crime in America
2011
FBI most-wanted terrorist Osama Bin Laden killed by U.S. special operations forces in Pakistan
Epidemic of mass shootings and random violence sweeps public venues across the U.S.

5. FIGURE 1–2 The Theme of This Book Note: Balancing the concern for individual rights with the need for public order through the administration of criminal justice is the theme of this book.

6. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Individual-Rights Advocates
Public-Order Advocates
Seek to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice
Believe that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights

7. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
1960s and 1970s
Known as the civil rights era
Strong emphasis on individual rights
Guarantee the rights of defendants and attempt to understand the causes of crime and violence

8. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Today, we have a shift away from the offender as victim and now see the offender as a dangerous social predator.

9. Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness
The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity
Social justice
Linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong
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10. Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness
Civil justice
A component of social justice concerned with fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters
Criminal justice
The aspects of social justice that concern violations of the criminal law

11. FIGURE 1–3 The Core Components of the American Criminal Justice System and Their Functions

12. Criminal Justice System Structure
Consensus Model
Conflict Model
Various parts of the justice system work together to achieve the social product of justice
Components of the justice system function to serve their own interests; justice results from conflict rather than cooperation

13. Stages of Case Processing
Investigation
Evidence collected, reconstruction of criminal event
Warrant
Writ issued by judge directing officer to perform an act and protects officer from damages
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14. Stages of Case Processing
Arrest
Act of taking an adult or juvenile into custody
Booking
Taking pictures, fingerprints, personal information from suspect
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15. Stages of Case Processing
First Appearance
Formally notified of the charges, advised of their rights, given the opportunity to retain a lawyer or have one appointed to represent them
Preliminary Hearing
Occurs before a judicial officer; allows the defense to assess the strength of the prosecution's case
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16. Stages of Case Processing
Information/ Indictment
A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that the specified person(s) has committed (a) specified offense(s)
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17. Stages of Case Processing
Arraignment
Hearing before the court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which:
The identity of the defendant is established
Said defendant is informed of the charges against him/her
The defendant is informed of his/her rights and requested to enter a plea
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18. Stages of Case Processing
Adjudication
Examination of the issues of fact and law for the purpose of reaching a judgment of conviction or acquittal
Sentencing
A number of difference sentencing options exist, from fines to the death penalty
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19. Stages of Case Processing
Corrections
The sentence is carried out
Reentry
Following corrections, an offender may be returned to the community.

20. The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process
Crime-control model
Emphasizes the efficient arrest and convictions of offenders
Due process model
Emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the justice system processing
These are often assumed to be opposing goals.

21. Due Process and Individual Rights
Right guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution
Bill of Rights
Standard was set in the 1960s by the Warren Court.

22. The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights
Rights are open to interpretation.
U.S. Supreme Court
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Sixth Amendment guarantee of a right to counsel
Including court-appointed counsel for those unable to afford a lawyer

23. The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process
A system of social control that is fair to those it processes
Law enforcement infused with the recognition of individual rights

24. The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process
Social control
The use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group

25. Evidence-Based Practice in Criminal Justice
Refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested
Based on social science research
A major element in the increasing professionalization of criminal justice
Strong demand for the application of evidence-based practices throughout criminal justice

26. The Start of Academic Criminal Justice
Began in the late 1920s
Early criminal justice education was practice oriented.
Primarily focused on the application of general management principles to the administration of police agencies
Organizational effectiveness

27. The Start of Academic Criminal Justice
By the 1960s, students began to apply the techniques of social science research.
Criminology
Sociology
Psychology
Political science

28. Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice
The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society's legal and political systems