1. What Is Criminal Justice?1
What Is Criminal Justice?

2. The History of Crime
Crime control has been a primary concern of politicians and government leaders worldwide
The 20th & 21st centuries have served as a breeding ground for changes in criminal justice
Adequate law enforcement involves a global effort

3. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
1960s and 1970s
The Civil Rights Movement
Emphasized equality regardless of race, color or gender
Dramatic increase in reported criminal activity

4. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
“War on Drugs” and emergence of “crack”
Increase sale & use of drugs= Increase in crime
Cities saw an increase in drug gangs, decrease in property values & quality of life.

5. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
1999
Columbine High School massacre
Public Perception that crime was growing
Belief that offenders went unpunished or received a slap on the wrist

6. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
September 11, 2001
Racial profiling & privacy
Proactive not reactive to threats
Law enforcement is a global effort
Patriot Act increases the investigatory authority of federal, state and local agencies

7. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act-intend to corporate crimes & hold them accountable
Increase in corporate, white-collar crimes
Continues to be the focus of Federal Prosecutors (Bernie Madoff)

8. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
Question #1 Why do you think events change the focus of law enforcement? Can you give another example?

9. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Individual rights perspective
Protect the personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice

10. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Question #2 What are some individual rights you want protected?

11. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Public order perspective
Under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights

12. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Question #3 What threats to public safety do you want protected from?

13. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Criminal justice is an institution of social control
Caught in a balancing act between individual rights and public order

14. Two Models of the Criminal Justice System
Crime control
Due process

15. Two Models of the Criminal Justice System
Crime control
Efficient arrest and conviction
Assembly line justice
Public order

16. Two Models of the Criminal Justice System
2. Due process
Individual rights at all stages
Obstacle course justice

17. Two Models of the Criminal Justice System
Question #4 Which model of criminal justice system do you prefer? Why?

18. Definition of Justice Justice
The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity

19. Justice Social justice
An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life
Linked to fundamental notions of fairness & cultural beliefs about right & wrong

20. Justice
Civil justice
Fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters

21. Justice Criminal justice
The criminal law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law

22. Justice Criminal justice
Cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation’s criminal courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong

23. Models of Criminal Justice
The Consensus Model assumes that all of the components work together to achieve the social product of justice.

24. Models of Criminal Justice
The Conflict Model assumes that all of the components function to serve their own interests and justice is a product of conflict, not cooperation.

25. Models of Criminal Justice
Question #5
Which model of Criminal Justice (consensus/conflict) is best for a society? Why?

26. The American Criminal Justice System
Police
Enforce the laws
Investigate crimes
Reduce/Prevent Crimes
Maintain public order
Apprehend offenders

27. The American Criminal Justice System
Courts
Conduct fair and impartial trials
Decide criminal cases
Endure due process
Impose sentencing
Uphold the law

28. The American Criminal Justice System
Corrections
Carry out sentences imposed by the courts
Provide safe/humane custody
Protect community
Rehabilitate, reform offenders
Respect legal & human rights of the convicted

29. The American Criminal Justice System
Question #6 In the American Criminal Justice system, who make sure that all three parts (police, corrections, courts) are doing their jobs? Is it working?

30. Investigation and Arrest
Investigation (Probable cause)
A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent person to believe that a specific person has committed a crime

31. Investigation and Arrest
Warrant
A writ issued in criminal proceedings by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act, and protects the officer from any damages related to the act

32. Investigation and Arrest
Act of taking an adult or juvenile into custody
Before questioning, defendants are usually advised of their constitutional rights or Miranda Rights

33. Miranda Warnings Miranda v. Arizona
Read prior to any questioning of a suspect in a custodial setting
To make sure anything the suspect says from that point forward can be used against the suspect if the case proceeds

34. The Criminal Justice Process
Booking
Administrative process (pic, prints, info)
First appearance
Told charges, bail
Preliminary Hearing
Establish if evidence exists
Indictment or Information
Decision if the case goes further

35. The Criminal Justice Process
Arraignment
Enter a plea
Adjudication
Reenter plea & Trial
Sentencing
Judge decides punishment
Corrections
Carries out sentencing in variety of ways

36. The Criminal Justice Process
Question # 7 Which part of the Criminal Justice process is the most difficult? Why?

37. Development of Academic Criminal Justice
August Vollmer began criminal justice education
1960s-1970s
Introduction of criminology, NIJ
2011
Evidence-based practice in criminal justice

38. Multiculturism
The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society’s legal and political systems
Diversity characterizes both immigrant and U.S.-born individuals