Polices Shaping School Reform Course Overview Chapter 1

Deconstructing Disabilities Definitions differ due to culture, attitudes, beliefs, orientation, and discipline Explanations of the concept vary on whether disability means impairment of a person’s ability to participate in mainstream society Difference b/w disability and a handicap Handicap=discrimination and pity

History of Disabilities Romans- put to death Middle Ages and Renaissance- court jesters and kept for amusement World War II- millions of disabled people killed and marked start of Nazi death camps Educational and Social neglect- 19th century legacy Institutionalization- 20th Century- purpose to take those who were different out of the society 1954- Brown vs. Board of Ed- excluded those w/ disabilities 1960’s- start of Civil rights movement 1970’s- impact of legislation 1972- PARC vs. Commonwealth of PA- guaranteed ed. for MR 1972- Mills vs. District of Columbia- reinforced right for education

Reasons Why Congress Passed National Special Ed. Laws Moral/Ethical- years of exclusion, segregation and ed. Opportunities- In 1948 only 12% of disabled received education and 1962 only 16 states had mandatory rules for mild disabilities Parents had no options Influence of litigation By 1970- 8 million kids were un-served

Landmark Special Education Laws Date # Name Provisions 1973 Section 504 PL 93-112 Section 504 of Vocational Rehabilitation Act Set stage for IDEA and ADA Guarantees civil rights for disabled Require accommodations for school and society 1975 PL 94-142 The Education of All Handicapped Children’s Education Act (EHA) Guarantees free and appropriate public education (FAPE) with the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) IEP (Individualized Education Plan) Gave parents Due Process

Landmark Special Education Laws Date # Name Provisions 1986 PL 99-457 Pre-School of Toddler Act Early Intervention Services (EI) for infants and toddlers Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSP) 1990 PL 101-476 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Re-authorized PL 94-112 Added Transition Plans (ITP) Added autism and traumatic brain injuries Zero reject Nondiscriminatory evaluation FAPE LRE vs inclusion Due Process Increased Parent participation

Four IDEA Outcomes for Students Equality of opportunity Full Participation- in every aspect of life including school and the community Independent Living Economic self-sufficiency

Landmark Special Education Laws Date # Name Provisions 1990 PL 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Barred discrimination from employment, transportation, public buildings and telecommunications Implements concept of normalization 1997 PL 105-17 IDEA (reauthorized) Added ADHD to “other health impairments” Added functional and behavioral Assessments and Behavior Intervention Plans (BIP)

Landmark Special Education Laws Date # Name Provisions 2001 PL 107-110 Elementary and Secondary Education Act or No Child Left Behind (ESEA) Requires all kids take part in state and district testing Adequate yearly progress Call for 100% proficiency for all in reading and math by 2012 Parental choice and right School safety Highly Qualified Teachers Research based learning & teaching strat

Landmark Special Education Laws ?? Politics and Advocacy Play a role in the future of Special Education

SPECIAL ED TODAY Special Ed. is a set of services not a place Influence of Medical care and technology Influence of the above legislations and related problems Dilemmas Balance b/w FAPE and LRE Litigation Cost of Special Ed- related services and costs and federal assistance Inclusion Due Process Segregation?/Discriminatory Includes too many students Administrative burden Outcomes- employment, residential, societies attitudes

Classification Autism Deaf-Blindness Deafness Emotional Disturbances Hearing Impairments Mental Retardation Multiple Disabilities Orthopedic impairments Other health Impaired Specified Learning Disabilities Traumatic Brain Injuries Visual Impairment