 Go over section 3.3 (homework returned to you on Wednesday)

1. By 1900 more than half of all immigrants in the US were eastern and southern Europeans 2. Many of the immigrants moved to avoid forced military service. Others, like the Jews living in Poland and Russia, fled to avoid religious persecution. 3. Most immigrants booked passage in steerage, the cheapest accommodations on a steam ship, and they disembarked at Ellis Island, a tiny island in New York Harbor.

4. How well immigrants adjusted depended partly on how quickly they learned English and adapted to American Culture. 5. The 1848 discovery of gold in California began to lure Chinese immigrants to the United States 6. The Taiping Rebellion in China took 20 million lives and caused such suffering that thousands of Chinese left for the United States.

7. These waves of immigration led to increased feelings of nativism, which is a preference for native-born people and a desire to limit immigration. Now turn your paper over as we discuss questions 1-7 about immigration on the back

1. Immigrants often lived in neighborhoods that were often separated into ethnic groups. Groups would recreate their stores, religious houses, newspapers…etc. in the neighborhood. Example: “Little Italy” 2. As many as 1 in 3 immigrants returned to Europe because they came to the US simply to make money. They never had intentions of staying permanently.

3. Angel Island was the West Coast destination for immigrants. It was designed to house and process Asian immigrants. It is the West Coast version of Ellis Island.

Nativism- preference for native-born people and a desire to limit immigration. 4. Two reasons nativists were opposed to immigration: 1. A fear that Catholic immigrants would flood the US and the Catholic Church would have too much power in the US government 2. Immigrants worked for lower wages or would break strike lines to work and this would undermine American-born workers.

5. The federal immigration law passed in 1882: 1. Banned convicts, paupers (very poor) & mentally disabled from entering the country Wanted immigrants who would contribute to society 2. Placed a.50 cent tax on each newcomer

6. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): 1. Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years 2. Prevented Chinese already in US from becoming citizens 3. Was renewed in Was made permanent in Was not repealed until 1943

7. This act was successful. The population of Chinese in the United States dropped from 105,000 to 75,000 in a ten year period

Now turn your paper back over as we discuss #8-15 regarding urbanization 8. In 1840 the United States had only 131 cities; by 1900 that number had risen to over Lacking money and education, most immigrants remained in the cities.

10. Many rural Americans moved to the cities for better paying jobs. The cities had much to offer – for example: Bright lights, running water, modern plumbing, museums, libraries and theatres 11. New approaches to housing and transportation were developed because millions of people were now moving to the cities.

12. American industrialization helped create a growing middle class that included doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers and teachers. 13. Among the problems of cities were various epidemics and contaminated drinking water, caused by improper sewage disposal.

14. In exchange for the votes of new urban residents in city elections, political machines provided basic services such as jobs, housing and police protection. 15. Many leaders of political machines grew rich as a result of fraud or graft- getting money through dishonest or questionable means.

Now turn your paper back over as we discuss questions Examples of new approaches to housing and transportation due to urbanization: 1. Housing: skyscrapers (build up), tenements 2. Transportation: horse cars, cable cars, electric trolley cars, elevated railroad, subways

Skyscrapers

Tenements

Trolley Cars Elevated Trains

9. A tenement was a dark, crowded multi- family apartment. Many families lived in tenements and some even rented spare rooms in their tenement out to others to earn money. 10. Party (political) bosses, who ran political machines, provided jobs, food, heat, and police protection in exchange for political power (votes).