The Skeletal System Support Systems Unit 2

The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System Hematopoiesis The process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow Structure/Support Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of the body and maintains the body’s shape Movement Facilitation Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles Mineral Storage Bones store calcium in bone matrix

Axial vs. Appendicular The Axial Skeleton (green) Contains the bones that are along the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk The Appendicular Skeleton (purple) Contains the bones of the extremities (or appendages) Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs

Bones of the Cranium

Frontal Bone Forms the forehead Forms the roof of the eye sockets

Parietal Bones Consists of two bones Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

Temporal Bones Consists of two bones Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

Occipital Bone The base of the cranial cavity Prominent posterior portion

Facial Bones

Maxillae The upper jaw

Mandible Lower jaw bone

The Vertebral Column 7 Cervical Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar Sacrum 5 fused Coccyx 4 fused

Bones of the Thoracic Cavity Manubrium Sternum Xiphoid Process Ribs Manubrium

Bones of the Upper Extremities Shoulder Joint Scapula Clavicle Humerus Elbow Joint Radius Ulna Wrist & Hand Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Bones of the Pelvis Os Coxae (single) Ilium Ischium (purple) Pubis (red) The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum

Bones of the Lower Extremities Leg Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot & Ankle Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Joints Definition Any location where 2 bones meet Types Many joint are freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, wrist, etc. Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull and vertebrae

Hinge Joints Allows for extension and flexion

Gliding Joints Bones slide past each other

Ball and Socket Joints Allows for rotational movement in almost any direction

Joints Types cont. Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull

Ligaments Ligaments attach bone to bones They provide much of the support for our freely movable joints

Disease and Disorders Fractures Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis Osteoarthritis Sprains

Fractures Types of fractures Closed or simple fracture The bone is broken and the skin is intact Open or compound fracture The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone

Scoliosis Signs & Symptoms One hip or one shoulder higher than the other Back pain Muscle spasms Cause An imbalance of muscles A leg length discrepancy Treatment Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

Kyphosis and Lordosis Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback) Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback)

Osteoarthritis Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints

Osteoarthritis Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints May be specifically causes by: Obesity Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly Signs & Symptoms Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion Treatment includes: pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement

Sprain The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

Three Degrees of Sprains 1st degree The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the tissue 2nd degree A partial tear 3rd degree A complete rupture Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability Treat with RICE

Careers

Radiologist Medical doctors who have specialized in radiology during their internship and residency. College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years), and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high school Directs medical imaging technologist to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans Average : $300, 000 Radiologist video

Radiology Technician Specialize in diagnostic imaging Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography Associate degree for x-ray certification Bachelors degree for further specialization MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and Ultrasound Average salary: $30-35,000 A Day in the Life - Radiological Technician - YouTube

Chiropractor Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments like adjustments and joint alignments Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years Average Salary- $65,000-100,000 youniversity chiropractor

Physical Therapist Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or diseases Doctorate degree (6years) Salary : $60- 85,000 Physical Therapy (long but good)

Physical Therapy Assistant Works under direction and supervision of a physical therapist Perform exercises, massages, electric stimulation, hot and cold packs, traction and ultrasound to patients Complete Physical Therapy Assistant Program= 2 years- Associates degree Salary- $35-55,000

Physical Therapy Aide Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant Perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area. On the job training Salary- $8-15 per hour

Vocabulary- Word Parts Costo- rib Chondro- cartilage Cranio- skull or cranium Thoraco- chest or chest wall Hemato- blood Cephal- cranial or head Cervico- neck, neck of an organ Arthro- joint Osteo- bone Vertebro- vertebra

Vocabulary- word parts Inter- between intercostal (between the ribs) Sub- under, beneath, less than Ex: Sublingual (under the tongue) -poiesis - formation or production of Ex: Hematopoiesis (production of blood) -malacia - softening of tissue Ex: Osteomalacia (softening of bone) -al - relating to Ex: Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)

Vocabulary- word parts -genesis - generation, reproduction Ex: Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells) -tomy - cutting into, incision Ex: Craniotomy (cutting into the skull) -ectomy - excision, removal of Ex: Appendectomy (removal of the appendix) -ic - characteristic of, relating to Ex: Thoracic (relating to the chest)

Vocabulary Thoracic - pertaining to the chest or thorax Cranium - the portion of the skull that encloses the brain Extremities - the arms and legs X-ray - type of diagnostic imaging Hematopoieses - production of blood cells Vertebrae - any of the 33 bones of the spinal column