1. BMS 231: 2015/2016 Skeletal system Lecturer Dr Aqeela Bano

2. Table of Contents 1. Objectives for this lesson 2. Functions of the Skeletal System,Types of Bones and Their Classification. 3. Axial Skeleton and the Bones of the Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage, Sacrum and Coccyx. 4. Appendicular Skeleton, the Bones of the Upper Limb and Bones of the Lower Limb. 5. Types of Joints ( Immovable, Slightly Movable and Freely Movable ). 6. Diseases of the Skeletal System in Brief.

3. Objectives When you finish this lesson, you should be able to Describe the Functions of the Skeletal System, Types of Bones and Their Classification. Define the Axial Skeleton and Identify the Bones of the Skull, Thoracic Cage, Vertebral Column,Sacrum and Coccyx. Define the Appendicular Skeleton and Identify the Bones of the Upper and Lower Limb. Define and Identify the Types of Joints with Examples. Understand the Diseases of the Skeletal System.

4. Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement- bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation

5. Long Bones- metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

7. ANATOMY OF LONG BONES

8. AXIAL SKELETON DEFINITION  Axial skeleton is the central skeleton of the body it includes 1. SKULL 2. THORACIC CAGE 3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 4. SACRUM AND COCCYX

10. BONES OF SKULL Bones of skull are basically flat bones they includes 1.Frontal bone 2.Parietal 3.Temporal bone 4.Occipital bone 5.Zygomatic 6.Nasal 7.Maxilla 8.Mandible

12. Posterior View

13. THORACIC CAGE

14. RIBS

15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUE AND FALSE RIBS 1 ST to 7 th ribs are true ribs as they are directly attached to sternum by costal cartilage. 8 th,9 th and10th ribs are false ribs as do not have their own separate costal cartilage instead they join to sternum by costal cartilage of upper ribs. 11 th and 12 th ribs are floating ribs as they do not attached to sternum at all.

16. Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage

17. STERNUM The sternum, commonly known as the breast bone or chest bone, is a long, narrow flat bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and stabilizes the thoracic skeleton. It has Three parts 1.Manubrium 2.Body 3.Xiphoid process

18. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF STERNUM Lower half of sternum is the place for doing CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSITATION

19. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Bones of vertebral column are irregular type of bones, they include 1.CERVICAL 2.THORACIC 3.LUMBER 4.SACRUM AND COCCYX

20. Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column

21. Cervical Vertebrae

22. Thoracic Vertebrae

23. Lumbar Vertebrae

24. SACRUM The sacrum is a large, triangular bone, situated in the lower part of the vertebral column. The upper part of the sacrum connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and its lower part connects with the coccyx. lumbar vertebra coccyx In human beings the sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae.fused vertebrae

25. SACRUM

26. COCCYX Coccyx is the last part of axial skeleton. It is present at the lower border of sacrum. It has a shape like spine.

27. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle and lower limb forms the appendicular skeleton. Bones of pectoral girdle 1.Clavicle 2.scapula

28. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Upper limb bones are 1.Humerus 2.Radius 3.Ulna 4. Carpals (8) 5. Metacarpals (5) 6. Phalanges (14)

29. Bones of the upper limb

30. Radius and ulna radius ulna

31. Bones of the upper limb Bones of hand

32. Bones of pelvic girdle 1.Sacrum 2.Coccyx 3.pelvic bones (ischium, ilium, pubis) APPENDICULAR SKELETON

33. Bones of the lower limb 1.Femur 2.Patella 3.Tibia 4.Fibula 5.Tarsals (7) 6. Metatarsals (5) 7. Phalanges (14) APPENDICULAR SKELETON

34. Bones of the lower limb Femur

35. Bones of the lower limb Patella

36. Bones of the lower limb Tibia and fibula

37. Tarsals Phalanges Metatarsals Bones of the foot Bones of the lower limb

38. Joints Definition A point of articulation between two or more bones that allows movement. Types of joints 1.Immovable joints (sutures in skull bones, pubic symphysis) 2.Slightly movable joints (Intervertebral joints) 3.Freely movable joints (shoulder joint, hip joint, elbow joint etc)

39. suture Pubic symphysis Immovable joints Joints

40. Slightly Movable Joint Joints

41. Knee joint Joints Freely Moveable joints