1. The Skeletal System Support Systems Unit 2 Support Systems Unit 2

2. Medical Terminology Cost/o- rib Chondr/o- cartiledge Crani/o – skull Thorac/o – thorax Hemat/o- blood Cepahl/o- head Cervic/o – neck Osteo – bone Vertebra- vertebrae Cost/o- rib Chondr/o- cartiledge Crani/o – skull Thorac/o – thorax Hemat/o- blood Cepahl/o- head Cervic/o – neck Osteo – bone Vertebra- vertebrae Sub- beneath or under Inter- between -malacia – softening - al /-ic - pertaining to -genesis – origin or production -poiesis - production

3. Abbreviations CT – computerized tomography PT – patient FX - fracture CT – computerized tomography PT – patient FX - fracture

4. The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System Hematopoiesis – process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow Structure / support– Provide rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of the body and maintain the body shape. Hematopoiesis – process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow Structure / support– Provide rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of the body and maintain the body shape.

5. Fuctions of the skeletal system Muscle Attachment and Movement – bondes serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement. Mineral Storage – bones store calcium in bone matrix Muscle Attachment and Movement – bondes serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement. Mineral Storage – bones store calcium in bone matrix

6. Axial vs. Appendicular The Axial Skeleton –Contains the bones that are along the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk The Appendicular Skeleton –Contains the bones of the extremities (or appendages) –Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs The Axial Skeleton –Contains the bones that are along the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk The Appendicular Skeleton –Contains the bones of the extremities (or appendages) –Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs

7. Bones of the Cranium Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Maxillae Mandible Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Maxillae Mandible

8. Frontal Bone Forms the forehead Forms the roof of the eye sockets Forms the forehead Forms the roof of the eye sockets

9. Parietal Bones Consists of two bones Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity Consists of two bones Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

10. Temporal Bones Consists of two bones Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor Consists of two bones Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

11. Occipital Bone The base of the cranial cavity Prominent posterior portion The base of the cranial cavity Prominent posterior portion

12. Maxillae The upper jaw

13. Mandible Lower jaw bone

14. The Vertebral Column Composed of 33 bones Encloses and protects the spinal cord Supports the head Composed of 33 bones Encloses and protects the spinal cord Supports the head

15. Bones of the Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae—7 bones located in the neck Thoracic Vertebrae—12 bones connected to the ribs Lumbar Vertebrae—5 bones in the lower back Sacral Vertebrae—5 pelvic bones Coccygeal Vertebrae—4 tailbones Cervical Vertebrae—7 bones located in the neck Thoracic Vertebrae—12 bones connected to the ribs Lumbar Vertebrae—5 bones in the lower back Sacral Vertebrae—5 pelvic bones Coccygeal Vertebrae—4 tailbones

16. Vertebral Column

17. Bones of the Thoracic Cavity Manubrium Sternum Xiphoid Process Ribs Manubrium Sternum Xiphoid Process Ribs Manubrium

18. Bones of the Upper Extremities Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

19. Bones of the Upper Extremities

20. Bones of the Pelvis Ilium Ischium Pubis Together these three bones are fused and are called the os coxae The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum Ilium Ischium Pubis Together these three bones are fused and are called the os coxae The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum

21. Pelvic Girdle illium ishium

22. Bones of the Lower Extremities Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

23. Bones of the Lower Extremeties

24. Joints Any location where two bones articulate (meet) The points of contact between bones Freely moving joints –Hinge Joints –Gliding Joints –Ball and Socket Joints Any location where two bones articulate (meet) The points of contact between bones Freely moving joints –Hinge Joints –Gliding Joints –Ball and Socket Joints

25. Hinge Joints Allows for extension and flexion

26. Gliding Joints Bones slide past each other

27. Ball and Socket Joints Allows for rotational movement in almost any direction

28. Joints Types cont. –Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull Types cont. –Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull

29. Ligaments Ligaments attach bone to bones They provide much of the support for our freely movable joints Ligaments attach bone to bones They provide much of the support for our freely movable joints

30. Disease and Disorders Fractures Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis Osteoarthritis Sprains Fractures Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis Osteoarthritis Sprains

31. Fractures Types of fractures –Closed or simple fracture The bone is broken and the skin is intact –Open or compound fracture The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone Types of fractures –Closed or simple fracture The bone is broken and the skin is intact –Open or compound fracture The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone

33. Scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

34. Scoliosis Signs & Symptoms –One hip or one shoulder higher than the other –Back pain –Muscle spasms Cause –An imbalance of muscles –A leg length discrepancy Treatment –Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery Signs & Symptoms –One hip or one shoulder higher than the other –Back pain –Muscle spasms Cause –An imbalance of muscles –A leg length discrepancy Treatment –Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

35. Kyphosis and Lordosis Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback) Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback) Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback) Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback)

36. Osteoarthritis Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints

37. Osteoarthritis Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints –May be specifically causes by: Obesity Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly Signs & Symptoms –Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling –Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion Treatment includes: –pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints –May be specifically causes by: Obesity Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly Signs & Symptoms –Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling –Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion Treatment includes: –pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement

38. Sprain The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

39. Sprain cont. 1 st degree –The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the tissue 2 nd degree –A partial tear 3 rd degree –A complete rupture Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability Treat with RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation 1 st degree –The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the tissue 2 nd degree –A partial tear 3 rd degree –A complete rupture Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability Treat with RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation

40. Three Degrees of Sprains

41. Careers Radiologist Radiology Technician Chiropractor Physical Therapist Physical Therapy Assistant Physical Therapy Aide Radiologist Radiology Technician Chiropractor Physical Therapist Physical Therapy Assistant Physical Therapy Aide

42. Radiologist Medical doctors who have specialized in radiology during their internship and residency. College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years), and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high school Directs medical imaging technologist to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans Average : $300, 000 Radiologist video Medical doctors who have specialized in radiology during their internship and residency. College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years), and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high school Directs medical imaging technologist to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans Average : $300, 000 Radiologist video

43. Radiology Technician Specialize in diagnostic imaging –Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography Associate degree for x-ray certification Bachelors degree for further specialization –MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and Ultrasound Average salary: $30-35,000 A Day in the Life - Radiological Technician - YouTubeA Day in the Life - Radiological Technician - YouTube Specialize in diagnostic imaging –Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography Associate degree for x-ray certification Bachelors degree for further specialization –MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and Ultrasound Average salary: $30-35,000 A Day in the Life - Radiological Technician - YouTubeA Day in the Life - Radiological Technician - YouTube

44. Chiropractor Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments like adjustments and joint alignments Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years Average Salary- $65,000-100,000 youniversity chiropractor Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments like adjustments and joint alignments Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years Average Salary- $65,000-100,000 youniversity chiropractor

45. Physical Therapist Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or diseases Doctorate degree (6years) Salary : $60- 85,000 Physical Therapy (long but good) Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or diseases Doctorate degree (6years) Salary : $60- 85,000 Physical Therapy (long but good)

46. Physical Therapy Assistant Works under direction and supervision of a physical therapist Perform exercises, massages, electric stimulation, hot and cold packs, traction and ultrasound to patients Complete Physical Therapy Assistant Program= 2 years- Associates degree Salary- $35-55,000 Works under direction and supervision of a physical therapist Perform exercises, massages, electric stimulation, hot and cold packs, traction and ultrasound to patients Complete Physical Therapy Assistant Program= 2 years- Associates degree Salary- $35-55,000

47. Physical Therapy Aide Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant Perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area. On the job training Salary- $8-15 per hour Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant Perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area. On the job training Salary- $8-15 per hour

48. Vocabulary- Word Parts Costo-rib Chondro-cartilage Cranio-skull or cranium Thoraco-chest or chest wall Hemato-blood Cephal-cranial or head Cervico-neck, neck of an organ Arthro-joint Osteo-bone Vertebro-vertebra Costo-rib Chondro-cartilage Cranio-skull or cranium Thoraco-chest or chest wall Hemato-blood Cephal-cranial or head Cervico-neck, neck of an organ Arthro-joint Osteo-bone Vertebro-vertebra

49. Vocabulary- word parts Inter- between –intercostal (between the ribs) Sub- under, beneath, less than –Sublingual (under the tongue) -poiesis formation or production of –Hematopoiesis (production of blood) -malacia softening of tissue –Osteomalacic (softening of bone) -al relating to –Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae) Inter- between –intercostal (between the ribs) Sub- under, beneath, less than –Sublingual (under the tongue) -poiesis formation or production of –Hematopoiesis (production of blood) -malacia softening of tissue –Osteomalacic (softening of bone) -al relating to –Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)

50. Vocabulary- word parts -genesis generation, reproduction –Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells) -tomy cutting into, incision –Craniotomy (cutting into the skull) -ectomy excision, removal of –Appendectomy (removal of the appendix) -ic characteristic of, relating to –Thoracic (relating to the chest) -genesis generation, reproduction –Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells) -tomy cutting into, incision –Craniotomy (cutting into the skull) -ectomy excision, removal of –Appendectomy (removal of the appendix) -ic characteristic of, relating to –Thoracic (relating to the chest)

51. Vocabulary Thoracic pertaining to the chest or thorax Cranium the portion of the skull that encloses the brain Extremities the arms and legs X-ray type of diagnostic imaging Hematopoieses production of blood cells Vertebrae any of the 33 bones of the spinal column Thoracic pertaining to the chest or thorax Cranium the portion of the skull that encloses the brain Extremities the arms and legs X-ray type of diagnostic imaging Hematopoieses production of blood cells Vertebrae any of the 33 bones of the spinal column