1. The Skeletal System
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2. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Tendon (bone to muscle)
Slide 5.1
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4. Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
Slide 5.2
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5. Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones
Two types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Figure 5.2b
Slide 5.3
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6. Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Sharpey’s fibers
Arteries
Figure 5.2c
Slide 5.7
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7. Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
Slide 5.12
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8. Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Slide 5.15
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9. Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by immobilization
Realignment of the bone
Slide 5.16
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10. The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Slide 5.20a
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11. The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20b Figure 5.6
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12. The Skull Two sets of bones Bones are joined by sutures
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Slide 5.21a
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13. The Fetal Skull
The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
Slide 5.27a
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14. The Fetal Skull Fontanelles membranes connecting the cranial bones
Allow the brain to grow
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
Slide 5.27b
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15. The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by discs
The spine has a normal curvature
Figure 5.14
Slide 5.28
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16. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
Slide 5.29
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17. The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs Slide 5.31a
Figure 5.19a
Slide 5.31a
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18. The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
Slide 5.31b
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19. The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Slide 5.32a
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20. The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
Slide 5.32b
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21. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Slide 5.33
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22. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Slide 5.34a
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23. Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Slide 5.35a
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24. Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius
Figure 5.21c
Slide 5.35b
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25. Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
Slide 5.36
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26. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
Slide 5.37
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27. The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Figure 5.23a
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28. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Slide 5.39
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29. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
Slide 5.40a
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30. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Slide 5.40b
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31. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Slide 5.41
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32. Joints Articulations (Movement) of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Slide 5.43
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33. Structural Classification of Joints
Immovable joints
example – Bones in skull
Slightly movable joints example – joints between vertebrae
Freely Movable joints example – shoulder, knee
Slide 5.45
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34. Types of Movable Joints
Figure 5.29a–c
Slide 5.52a
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35. Types of Movable Joints
Figure 5.29d–f
Slide 5.52b
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36. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis – inflammation usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
Slide 5.53
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37. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
Slide 5.54a
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