The Middle Ages Western Europe

The Roman Catholic Church

The Church Controlled: spiritual life of Christians spiritual life of Christians secular life of citizens secular life of citizensTaught: Canon law (church law) & pope must be obeyed at all times! Canon law (church law) & pope must be obeyed at all times!

PUNISHMENTS: Excommunication (individuals) Excommunication (individuals) Ø Christian burialØ Christian burial Ø communionØ communion Interdict (entire kingdoms) Interdict (entire kingdoms) Ø Christian burialØ Christian burial Ø communionØ communion

Results  No chance for Heaven  Eternity in Hell

Monarchies

Monarchies William the Conqueror (1066) William the Conqueror (1066) –Taxation System –Treasury Henry II (1154) Henry II (1154) –Common law (based on custom) –Jury system (forerunner of today’s Grand Jury) Grand Jury)

Monarchies King John (Henry’s son) King John (Henry’s son) –Abused his power –Required to sign the Magna Carta (“Great Charter”)

Magna Carta  Required king to obey the law  Established “due process”= Ø arrest without proper legal procedures  Habeas corpus=protection from imprisonment without being charged with a crime  Established Parliament=English legislature

Monarchies Louis IX: King of France (1266) –Outlawed private wars –Ended serfdom –Expanded French kingdom –Persecuted heretics & Jews –Led crusades against Muslims

Jews in Europe Jewish communities existed all over Europe

Jews in Middle Ages… By late 1000s, prejudice against them increased…persecuted By late 1000s, prejudice against them increased…persecuted Church wouldn’t allow Jews to own land or Church wouldn’t allow Jews to own land or have certain jobs

Muslims & the Ottoman Empire

Muslims & the Ottoman Empire Turkish-speaking nomads Expanded into Asia Minor & the Balkan Peninsula. NOT Arabs, but Turks. Muslims

1453, captured Constantinople 1453, captured Constantinople Renamed it Istanbul—became their capital. Renamed it Istanbul—became their capital.

Muslims & the Ottoman Empire : : Ottoman’s “Golden Age” under Emperor Suleiman.

Suleiman: Had absolute power Had absolute power Expanded the empire into Asia, Africa, and Europe Expanded the empire into Asia, Africa, and Europe Based the Ottoman justice system on the Sharia—Muslim law Based the Ottoman justice system on the Sharia—Muslim law

Ottoman Empire… Top 2 social classes: –M–M–M–Military men –I–I–I–Intellectuals such as lawyers and scientists Used the Jewish community’s international banking connection Captured young Christian boys & made them converts. Trained them as Janissaries to serve in the military.

Ottoman culture: Great painters Great painters Poets Poets Architects Architects

Muslims & the Ottoman Empire: Why is it significant? Located at the crossroads of the known world ↓ Blocked the path of Europeans trying to get to Asia to trade. ↓ Prompted Europeans to search for another route to Asia ↓ Sea exploration ensued ↓ Columbus discovers America

The Crusades

The Crusades… Series of wars: Series of wars: Christians v. Muslims Christians v. Muslims GOAL: Free the Holy Land of Muslims

Effects of The Crusades… Only 1 st crusades was successful for Christians Only 1 st crusades was successful for Christians Massive losses on both sides Massive losses on both sides Death & Destruction Death & Destruction Opened a wider world to Europeans by introducing them to new places Opened a wider world to Europeans by introducing them to new places Increased the pace of change. Increased the pace of change.

The Reconquista & Inquistion

Reconquista (1100 A.D.)=Christian campaign to drive the Muslims out of Spain. (1100 A.D.)=Christian campaign to drive the Muslims out of Spain.

The Spanish Inquisition 1469: Isabella & Ferdinand  Brutal campaign to against Muslims & Jews.  Those found guilty of heresy were burned at stake.  Over 150,000 people, mostly Muslims & Jews, fled, taking their skills and knowledge with them.

The Black Death

100 Years War

100 Years War: FFFFrance vs. Britain WWWWanted control of lands in France that had once belonged to England, the English Channel & regional trade.

New technology: Longbow Helped England to win early victories. early victories.

Joan of Arc: Martyr 17 years-old 17 years-old Claimed that God spoke directly to her. Claimed that God spoke directly to her. Considered a heretic by Church in England Considered a heretic by Church in England

Joan of Arc: Martyr Burned at the stake for her beliefs Burned at the stake for her beliefs Her sacrifice rallied the French who then won the war. Her sacrifice rallied the French who then won the war.