Chapter 11 The Muslim World (622–1650)

How did Muhammad become the prophet of Islam? What are the teachings of Islam? How did Islam help shape the way of life of its believers? Rise of Islam

Muhammad Becomes the Prophet of Islam Muhammad said he heard the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God. Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam. Muhammad made a journey from Mecca to Medina, where he was welcomed by Muslim converts. This was a turning point for Islam. Muhammad returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs under Islam.

Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief in one God. Muslims believe that the Quran contains the sacred word of God and is the final authority on all matters. All Muslims accept five duties, known as the Five Pillars of Islam: faith daily prayer charity fasting during Ramadan hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca The Teachings of Islam

Islam is both a religion and a way of life. The Islamic system of law, called Sharia, regulated moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community. Unlike the law codes that evolved in the West, the Sharia does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law. Islam as a Way of Life

Islam Spreads How did Muslims conquer many lands? What movements emerged within Islam? Why did the empire of the caliphs decline?

An Age of Conquests

How were the Muslims able to conquer so many lands? The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from years of fighting each other. People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab conquerors as liberators. The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods, which overwhelmed traditional armies. The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of tribes into a determined, unified state.

Spread of Islam: Causes and Effects 2 Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the Indus Valley Centers of learning flourish in Cairo, Córdoba, and elsewhere Muslim civilization emerges Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through Muslim trade network Arabic becomes shared language of Muslims Split between Sunni and Shiites

Muslim mystics who sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. Respected for their piety and miraculous powers. Believed that only descendants of Muhammad could become caliph. Believed descendants of Muhammad to be divinely inspired. Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad, should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority. SUFISHIITESSUNNI Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam. Movements Within Islam

Around 850, the caliphs power faded and they became unable to maintain centralized control, and the empire fragmented. In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent. The crusades had a lasting effect on the Muslim world although it had a greater impact on W. Europe In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders dominated the Middle East. Decline of the Muslim Empire