Chapter 17, Section 1

 The North (Union) lost more soldiers then the South (Confederate).  Northern Cities were hardly touched by the war.  Except for the battles of Gettysburg and Antietam all fighting occurred in the South.  Southern cities and farmlands lay in ruins.

 Major cities like Charleston, Atlanta, and Richmond were destroyed.  The war destroyed the Southern financial system  Those who lent money to the Confederacy were never repaid.  Many southern banks closed and depositors lost their savings.  Freedman: Nearly 4 million men and women who had been slaves now lived free in the south. Most had no jobs, land, or education.

 Lincoln thought the soon the South rejoined the union the soon they could rebuild.  Reconstruction: refers to a time period when the South was rebuilt as well as the federal government’s program to rebuild it.  Ten Percent Plan: Lincoln’s idea that a southern state could form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. The new government had to abolish slavery.

 Wade-Davis Bill: Rival plan to Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan: required a majority of white men in each southern state to swear loyalty to the Union. Also denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who volunteered to fight for the South.  Lincoln refused to sign the Wade-Davis Bill

 Freedman’s Bureau: Lincoln and Congress agreed and passed this bill a month after General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.  Providing Food and clothing to former slaves and poor whites. Also provided medical care

 Setting up Schools for freed slaves in the South. 300,000 African American attended schools mostly taught by volunteer women from the North. Young and old were eager to learn.  Laid the foundation for the South public school system.  Created colleges and universities.  By 1870’s African Americans were teaching in grade school throughout the South.

 Came from a wealthy African American family from Philadelphia.  Educated by tutors and then a teacher training school.  Strong abolitionist.  She devoted her life to helping African Americans improve their lives through education.  Moved to South Carolina Islands to teach groups of African Americans who had remained on the islands after the Civil War.  She recruited teachers for the Freedman’s bureau schools in the South.

 On April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee’s surrender) at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C., John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln in the head.  Booth was later caught and killed

 Vice President Andrew Johnson became president.  Johnson had served as governor of Tennessee and when they seceded he remained loyal to the union.  Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was almost as mild as Lincoln’s.  Called for a majority of voters in each southern state to pledge loyalty to the United States  Thirteenth Amendment: banned slavery throughout the nation. Johnson demanded that each state ratify this amendment

 Southern states followed Johnson’s plan.  In late 1865 southern states then elected new members of Congress. Many had held high offices in the Confederacy.  Republicans in Congress were outraged and black southerners were denied the right to vote.  Congress met in December 1865 republicans refused to let southern representatives take their seat.  Republicans formed a joint committee on Reconstruction to draw a new plan for Southern states.