What is a Coordinating Conjunction? A conjunction is like glue. It helps things to stick together. A conjunction joins words, phrases, and sentences, which are called clauses.

What is a Conjunction? Conjunctions join two or more words. Example: I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and bread.

What is a Conjunction? Conjunctions can join two prepositional phrases. Preposition In, on , at, for, from, etc. Ex. I went skiing down the hill and past the trees.

What is a Conjunction? Conjunctions can connect two clauses or sentences. When two sentences are joined, a comma MUST be placed before the conjunction. Ex. I played cards for awhile, but then I played chess.

Types of Conjunctions One type of conjunction is the coordinating conjunction. They connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences. They connect things of equal value. (This means that they would connect a noun with another noun or a prepositional phrase with another prepositional phrase.)

Types of Conjunctions There are seven coordinating conjunctions: Use FANBOYS to remember for and nor but or yet so

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. “And” connects things that are alike or joined together. Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. “But” is used to connect things that are different or separated. Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza.

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. “Or” is used to offer a choice. Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. “Nor” is used to offer a negative choice. Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. “Yet” is used to show a change. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it. Ex. I ate 5 bags of chips, yet I also want pizza.

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. “So” is used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it. Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.

Types of Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. (because) “For” is also used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it. Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry. I ordered a pizza because I was hungry.

Types of Conjunctions Another type of conjunction is called correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences. Correlative conjunctions connect things of equal value. (This means that they will connect a verb with another verb or a sentence with another sentence.)

Types of Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions are not single words. They work in pairs. There are five pairs of correlative conjunctions: both….and whether….or neither….nor not only….but also either….or

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions I saw both the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions I don’t want neither pickles nor tomatos on my hamburger.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions I don’t know whether to play baseball or to play basketball this year.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions Either the student or the teacher can answer the question.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions Not only do I play the flute, but I also play the clarinet.

Conjunctive Adverbs “float” Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.

Semi-colon (;) Two sentences that are closely linked to each other in ideas that I, as a writer, do not want to separate the two sentences so that the readers will understand two ideas as one. Also, I don’t want to use a coordinating conjunction to combine the two sentences either. Bob is handsome; he is rich. Period: Automatically stop

Bob is handsome; he is rich. Bob is handsome. Moreover, he is rich. Bob is handsome; he is rich. Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich. Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover. I do not like cold weather. For example, cold weather bothers me. I do not like cold weather; for example, cold weather bothers me.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: IN THE beginning Bob is handsome. He is rich. Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich. Bob is handsome. Bob is rich. Punctuation: MUST have a comma after the conjunctive adverb.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: middle Bob is handsome; he is , moreover, rich.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: AT THE END Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover. Note: Place a comma before a conjunctive adverb at the end!

Semicolons “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).

COMPOUND SENTENCE: SEMICOLON Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic. 1. Matt has benefited from his exercise program. 2. He is slim and energetic.

More examples using semicolons with conjunctive Adverbs (rather) The teacher’s explanation did not help the students comprehension; rather, the explanation confused the whole class. The teacher’s explanation did not help the students comprehension. Rather, the explanation confused the whole class. (nevertheless- unexpected outcome) Stephanie failed all her math quizzes; nevertheless, she passed the class. Stephanie failed all her math quizzes. Nevertheless, she passed the class.

How to make my essay cohesive How to make my essay cohesive? (Ideas connected to one another and they are clear) There is a flow. 1. Conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, correlative conjunctions. 2. semi-colons 3. thesis, topic sentence, and concluding sentence.

(adding information) In addition, moreover, further more, what’s more, also, as well, besides,

Adding an unexpected/surprising continuation: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still

To add complete contrast In contrast, on the other hand

Add result As a result, consequently, therefore, thus

Correct the following sentences. Review Comma rules for coordinating conjunctions Semi-colon rules for conjunctive adverbs. Correct the following sentences. Community colleges offer preparation for many jobs; and, they prepare students to transfer to four-year colleges or universities. For example white is the color of wedding in some cultures and of funeral in others. Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people, similarly, Mexico’s weather is sunny and its people are hospitable.

Task Construct 5 sentences using conjunctive adverbs that you normally don’t use. Use a semi-colon if possible.

Complex Sentence SUBJECT PREDICATE even though SUBJECT PREDICATE

Complex Sentence Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS EVEN THOUGH WHEN BECAUSE UNLESS WHEREAS ADVERB CLAUSES

COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Bob is popular even though he is ugly. Clause 1 Clause 2 Independent Dependent

COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular. Clause 1 Clause 2 Dependent Independent

COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Bob is popular even though he is ugly. When the MAIN clause is first, it is usually NOT followed by a comma!

COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular. When the ADVERB clause is first, it is followed by a comma!

Compound-Complex Sentence Mike is popular because he is good looking, but he is not very happy.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE: COMBINES BOTH TYPES Mike is popular because he is good looking, but he is not very happy. Punctuate each clause according to its rules!

Punctuation Review!

My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend. SIMPLE SENTENCE My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend. No commas before “and” in compound subjects and predicates!

COMPOUND SENTENCE: Coordinating Conjunction Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do. Comma before coordinating conjunction!

COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; however, some schools fail to distinguish between these groups. Semicolon before conjunctive adverb Comma after conjunctive adverb!

Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools, however, fail to distinguish between these groups. Semicolon after first independent clause-- Commas before and after conjunctive adverb!

Conjunctive Adverb at the end COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb at the end Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools fail to distinguish between these groups, however. Semicolon after first independent clause-- Comma before conjunctive adverb!

People had continuous moderate COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating Conjunction People had continuous moderate exercise when they had to hunt for food. When main clause is first, it is not usually followed by a comma!

COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating Conjunction When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercise. When the adverb clause is first, it is followed by a comma!

What is an Interjection? An interjection is something that interrupts a sentence. It is something that also expresses your emotions like happiness, fear, anger, or pain. Some examples of interjections are: ouch, wow, uh oh, oh no, gosh, shhhh

Punctuating Interjections If an interjection is spoken calmly, simply put a comma after it and continue the sentence. Ex. Shhh, the baby is sleeping. Ex. Oh my, I dropped my pencil.

Punctuating Interjections If an interjection is spoken with more emotion, it is followed by an exclamation point. The next word is then capitalized. Ex. Ouch! I just cut my finger. Ex. He scored the winning touchdown. Wow!