Missouri, circa 1874

Marie Stopes, British birth control advocate

The Victorian Coalition The Women’s Christian Temperance Union Anti-pornography and social purity advocates Religious leaders The American Medical Association The WCTU White Ribbon Campaign

The “Comstock” Act of 1873 “Act of the Suppression of Trade In, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use” Prohibits sending of obscene literature through the mails Defines birth control information as obscene Comstock appointed assistant postmaster to enforce the law Anthony Comstock

Victoria Woodhull Stockbroker Advocate of women’s suffrage and “free love” First person to publish Marx/Engels’ “Communist Manifesto” in the United States Ran for President of the United States, 1872

Right: Dr. Turner and graduate students at the University of Wisconsin; below: Meredith college graduates, 1903; below right: two new Ph.D.’s from the University of Chicago

Dr. Edward Clark “Without denying the self-evident proposition, that whatever a women can do, she has a right to do, the question arises, what can she do?”

The 19th century body as closed system . . .

How is your health? Asked by Marion Talbot of 705 U Chicago women 78 percent said good health 17 percent said bad health 5 percent said fair health Marion Talbot in her later years

William Rainey Harper President, University of Chicago More science; less classics Paid scholars more than east coast schools Pioneered in co- education schooling

The Pragmatists Encouraged experimentation and measurement rather than reliance on ideologies Rejected both Social Darwinism and Marxism People need to learn how to change their minds –John Dewey John Dewey

Pragmatism is a “future-oriented instrumentalism that tries to deploy thought as a weapon to enable more effective action.” – Cornell West Below: DuBois’ Philadelphia Negro and Alain Locke’s The New Negro

Lewis Terman on women’s IQ, 1917 “There is no evidence of any wider range of intelligence among boys, such as has been commonly supposed to exist . . . “The difference, if any, seems to be in the opposite direction.”

Jane Addams and Mary Rozet Smith

The invention of homosexuality Foucault: The concept of homosexuality invented by medical profession Became a thing people were rather than something they did

For much of nineteenth century homosexuality is tolerated, but . . . Oscar Wilde tried for homosexuality in 1895

Steeplechase Park, New York

Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 1907, 1910 Freud, Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1909

Max Eastman

The Armory Show, 1913 Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase

Margaret Sanger Early advocate of birth control in the United States

Emma Goldman