© 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING 11th Edition Hulbert & Miller Effective English for Colleges Chapter 10 PUNCTUATION

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 2 Learning Objectives 22 To use correct internal punctuation 11 To use appropriate end-of- sentence punctuation

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 3 End-of-Sentence Punctuation  THE PERIOD ends declarative and imperative sentences, indirect questions, courteous requests, and sentence fragments that are treated as sentences.  THE QUESTION MARK ends direct questions, each question in a series, and directly quoted questions.  THE EXCLAMATION POINT ends sentences expressing strong emotion and directly quoted exclamations. Refer to CHECKPOINT 1. Refer to APPLICATION 10-1.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 4 Common Internal Punctuation  Use internal periods as decimal points and in lists.  Use internal periods to punctuate  Initials or abbreviations in a person ’ s name.  Abbreviated titles and within academic degrees.  Abbreviations of company names and geographic locations.  Abbreviated words and foreign expressions.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 5 Common Internal Punctuation (continued)  Punctuate with only one period when an abbreviation ends a sentence.  Do not use internal periods to punctuate  Most units of measurements.  Most capital letter abbreviations or acronyms of organizational names.  Most other capitalized abbreviations or lowercase acronyms.  Two-letter state abbreviations. Refer to CHECKPOINT 2.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 6 Common Internal Punctuation (continued)  Use a comma  Before a conjunction that joins independent clauses.  After an introductory word, phrase, or clause that precedes the subject and verb of an independent clause.  To set off nonessential words, phrases, or clauses (parenthetical expressions).  To separate each item in a series.  To separate consecutive adjectives that independently modify the same noun.  In place of an omitted element that is understood from a preceding element. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 3 and 4.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 7 Common Internal Punctuation (continued)  Use a comma  In addresses and geographic references.  In date formats to separate the month and day from the year.  To set off academic degrees or titles that follow names.  To abbreviate people and company names based on preference.  With numbers of four or more digits.  To separate a direct quotation from other sentence elements. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 8 Common Internal Punctuation (continued)  Use the semicolon  To signify a strong break in a compound sentence.  To separate items in a series when the items contain commas.  Use the colon  After an introductory statement that directs attention to explanatory or illustrative information that follows.  In expressions of time.  After salutations in messages using mixed punctuation. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 6 and 7. Refer to APPLICATIONS 10-2 through 10-6.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 9 identify titles of Italics (or underline) identify titles of complete works or emphasize words. identify titles of Italics (or underline) identify titles of complete works or emphasize words. Apostrophes show possession, indicate omissions in contractions, and create certain plural forms. Apostrophes show possession, indicate omissions in contractions, and create certain plural forms. indicate direct quotations, unusual words, subunits of published works, and various other titles. Quotation marks indicate direct quotations, unusual words, subunits of published works, and various other titles. Miscellaneous Punctuation Marks Hyphens connect the elements of some compound words and connect some prefixes and base words. Hyphens connect the elements of some compound words and connect some prefixes and base words. Parentheses enclose extra information. Parentheses enclose extra information. Dashes set off nonessential or essential elements. Dashes set off nonessential or essential elements. Brackets enclose words that are not part of the quoted material. Brackets enclose words that are not part of the quoted material. Ellipses show where words have been omitted from quoted material. Ellipses show where words have been omitted from quoted material.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 10, Slide 10 Punctuation Practice Refer to CHECKPOINTS 8 through 13. Refer to APPLICATIONS 10-7 through Refer to CHECKPOINT 14. Refer to CHAPTER 10 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.