3. CORRECT. 32a – Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses.

5. INCORRECT. 32a – second clause has no subject and is therefore a dependent clause.

7. INCORRECT. 32b – Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase.

9. INCORRECT. 32c – Use a comma between all items in a series.

11. CORRECT. 32c – A series must have at least three elements.

13. CORRECT. Might include a comma after Today, per 32g, but not required, per first example in 33h (in 6 th edition; sorry if earlier versions don’t have the same example).

15. CORRECT. 32e – Restrictive element—no commas.

17. AMBIGUOUS—can be either restrictive or non-restrictive, depending on how the emphasis is placed.

19. CORRECT. 32e – Non-restrictive phrase who is 172 years old is not vital information, so add commas.

21. INCORRECT. 32e – Restrictive (and also an appositive)

23. CORRECT. 32e – Non-restrictive (non-vital) information, since longest already identifies the proper novel.

25. INCORRECT. 32f – Transitional expression (however) that shifts direction of the sentence.

27. CORRECT. 32f - Transitional expression (however) that does not shift direction of the sentence.

29. CORRECT. 32f – Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions.

31. CORRECT. 32fh – Use a comma to introduce a quote.

32. unless...

34. INCORRECT. 32fh – Use a comma to introduce a quote unless using a coordinating conjunction (that).

36. INCORRECT. 32i – In dates, the year is set off with commas.

38. CORRECT. 32i – In an address, separate all elements except the zip code with commas.

40. INCORRECT. 32i – Separate titles using commas.

42. INCORRECT. 33h – (Almost) Always use a comma before a coordinating conjunction.

44. CORRECT. 32f – Strangely is a parenthetical expression; thus, separate it with commas. (Optionally, can add a comma after spaceship.)

46. INCORRECT. 33h – Commas always follow, never precede, parentheses.

48. CORRECT. 34a – Use a semicolon (no hyphen in semicolon) between closely related independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction. Also have option to place commas after both Yesterday and today (see slide 13).

50. INCORRECT. 43c – Use a semicolon between items in a series containing internal punctuation (above version is correctly punctuated).

52. INCORRECT. 35a – Use a colon after a complete independent clause to direct attention to a list: The trip included visits to the following: Paris, Berlin, Madrid, and Mazomanie.

54. INCORRECT. 35d – Do not use a colon between a preposition and its object. (HAH!)

56. INCORRECT. 35d – Don’t use a colon after such as, including, or for example. It simply isn’t done.

58. INCORRECT. 36a – Use an apostrophe to show possession.

60. CORRECT. 36a – Use an apostrophe to show possession, even if the noun being possessed precedes the subject.

62. CORRECT. 36a – For possessive nouns ending in S, add an apostrophe. Can also add ’s: Tommy Lee Jones’s new movie is due out in seven minutes.

64. Ambiguous. 36a – To denote plural possessive, add an apostrophe. Period. In the plural sense, all of the uniforms of all of the cheerleaders were stolen. But—One might also argue that there is but one cheerleader who had all of her uniforms stolen, in which case the sentence is punctuated correctly.

66. CORRECT. 36a – To show joint possession (both parties share the troubles), add an apostrophe S only to the last noun.

67. (Cory and Cora each have their own dog)

68. INCORRECT. 36a – To show individual possession (Cory and Cora each have their own dog), add an apostrophe S to each noun.

70. INCORRECT. 36a and 36c – Sixties is not possessive; further, sentence refers to the 1960s, so we need an apostrophe to indicate that 19 has been ellipsed: ‘60s.

72. INCORRECT. 36e – It’s = it is.

74. CORRECT. 36e - It’s = it is and nothing else.

76. INCORRECT. 36e - Who’s = who is and nothing else.

78. INCORRECT. 36e - Certain pronouns are already possessive.

80. INCORRECT. 37a - Always question your teachers. Except when they say that soft punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.

82. CORRECT. 37a – Hard punctuation goes outside the quotation marks (except for a period at the end of a sentence).

84. INCORRECT. 37c - Quotes within quotes use single quotation marks.

86. CORRECT. 37f – A period is the one bit of hard punctuation that goes inside the quotation marks.

88. INCORRECT. 37f – Question mark pertains only to the phrase inside the quotation marks; sentence as a whole is a declarative sentence.

90. INCORRECT. 37g – Do not use quotation marks to draw attention to familiar slang, to disown or highlight trite expressions, or to justify an attempt at humor.

92. INCORRECT. 38a & b – Differentiate between an actual question and a question couched in a declarative sentence.

94. INCORRECT. 39c – Use brackets to indicate changes or additions within a direct quote.

96. CORRECT. 39d – Though it can get pretty crowded in there. But use ellipses only when ellipsing material from the middle of a quote—not at the beginning or the end. And a space before and after every dot.

98. CORRECT. 44 – Use a hyphen to connect two or more words functioning together as an adjective before a noun.

100. INCORRECT. 44 – Use a hyphen to connect two or more words functioning together as an adjective before a noun.

102. CORRECT. Not in the book, but this is how you do it.