CAA Instructor Seminars 2007 PPL Terrain Awareness 1

Part 61 Stage II NPRM Terrain Awareness Training Including Weather Awareness, esp wind Acceptable to the Director PPL level CPL Role Training – requirements proposed under Part 135, not 61 2

Minimum Requirements Low Flying & Terrain Awareness – all dual exercises Total: 5 hours comprising – Minimum 2 hours low flying training; and – Minimum 2 hours Terrain Awareness training 3

Programme Training organisations develop TA training as it applies to their area Expand on syllabus requirements of low flying Incorporate increased level of experience & understanding regarding interaction with terrain & associated weather 4

Stage 1Operating in a simulated confined space Aim: – Initially simple exercise exploring pilot’s & aircraft capability to operate in a confined area Exercise: – Define a simulated confined area – Obstacle free – Clearly defined boundaries – Flat paddock 500m X 500m 5

Continuing Exercise Using ‘clean’ & ‘Poor Visibility’ configurations – Fly boundaries – Use all available space – Use minimum angle of bank – Commence with larger area – Reduce to desired confined size 6

Principles Develop awareness of space & inertia Use all available space Minimise bank angle therefore Vs Use only required power Safe speed between Va & Vs appropriate to conditions & loading (clean etc ) Develop weather awareness, esp wind 7

Stage IIOperating in a confined space Aim: – Apply technique & skill used in Stage I – Use actual area confined by terrain – Develop further awareness of space & inertia Exercise: – Relocate to suitable valley or gully – Repeat Stage I exercise – Ensure terrain above – less defined horizon 8

Principles Identify useable imaginary horizon by visualising where sky meets the sea as if terrain or obstacle to the visual horizon were transparent Use this horizon line to reference nose attitude – In S & L flight – In level turning flight 9

Continuing Principles Appropriately position the aircraft to – Execute level 180° and 360° turns – Use all available space – Minimize bank angle – Only sufficient power to maintain safe speed between Va & Vs appropriate to conditions and loading 10

Stage IIICrossing ridges, saddles or passes Aim: – Safely cross ridges, saddles or passes – Apply appropriate decision making – Determine safest compromise of options & principles 11

Continue Saddle Crossing Exercise: – Use ridges into valley in Stage II... Or other ridge – Assess appropriate flight path for approach, crossing, & after crossing – Apply safest compromise of options & principles involved – Experience where possible merits of L to R, R to L and re-crossing where safely possible 12

Continue Saddle Crossing Principles: – Apply sound decision making – Assess approach, the crossing, & flight path after – Have escape routes available – Minimize commitment period 13

Summary & Recommendations High mountains not required to establish basic principles Stage I possible in most LFA’s Alternative – 500’ above suitable defined area Stage II & III – area safely enables turning exercises and saddle/ridge crossings Logbook signed – competence & minimum experience met 14

Desirable: student experiences the exercises In clean & poor visibility configurations In both calm & windy conditions (<15knots) In clear conditions & with some precipitation With 180° & 360° turns both ways 15

Instructor qualifications Require Terrain Awareness Instructor Authorisation Experience acceptable to the Director Demonstrate competence to a GA Flight Examiner 16

References Mountain Flying Training Guide GAP booklets: – Mountain Flying – In, Out and Around Milford – In, Out and Around Mount Cook – Flight Instructor Guide 17

Questions 18