 What were some differences between West and East Germany?  **Q.O.D.’s are due on FRIDAY** - 25 points  (6 th bell will be collected Thursday)  Number each question and staple sheets together

 What were some differences between West and East Germany?  Government: West – democracy; East – socialist dictatorship  Alliances: West – NATO, U.S.; East – Warsaw Pact, USSR  Reparations: Soviets took East German industry and resources to rebuild the USSR; Western powers helped rebuild West Germany  Economic disparity: By 1950s, West was prospering and East was struggling  Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1946), Wall (1961): Soviets tried to push West completely out of East Germany  Attempted escapes: many East Germans tried to escape to West Berlin and West Germany

 At first, the U.S. was the only nuclear power  By 1949 the USSR had nuclear weapons as well  1953 – Both had hydrogen bombs  Each side wanted to deter the other from using their weapons  Both wanted to match and exceed the others’ nuclear arsenal

 MAD – mutually assured destruction  Deterred both sides from launching nuclear weapons  Most of the world lived under constant fear of nuclear war

 90 miles from U.S.  1959 – Cuban Revolution  Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista, who was supported by the U.S.  Castro sought the support of the Soviets  Restricted freedoms, nationalized businesses, put land under government control  Thousands of Cubans fled to Florida

 United States wanted to bring down communist Cuba  1961 – Bay of Pigs Invasion  U.S. trained Cubans, attempted to invade at Bay of Pigs  Failed – Castro’s forces captured invaders  U.S. imposed trade embargo  Still in effect today

 In late April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev wanted to place intermediate-range missiles in Cuba.  Double Soviet arsenal  Deterrent for U.S. attack on USSR  Missile gap  Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend Cuba from an attack by the U.S.  Believed another invasion was coming  Castro approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island.  Summer the Soviet Union worked quickly and secretly to build its missile installations in Cuba.

 October 15, 1962 – reconnaissance photos showed Soviet missiles under construction in Cuba.  October 16 – President Kennedy was informed of the missile installations.  Kennedy immediately organized a group of his twelve most important advisors to handle the crisis.

 After seven days Kennedy decided to impose a naval blockade around Cuba.  He wanted to prevent the arrival of more Soviet offensive weapons on the island.  October 22, 1963 – President Kennedy announced the discovery of the missile installations to the public and his decision to blockade the island.  JFK proclaimed that any nuclear missile launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union  Demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons from Cuba

 Tensions were building on both sides.  Kennedy eventually ordered low-level reconnaissance missions once every two hours.  October 25 - Kennedy pulled the quarantine line back and raised military readiness to DEFCON 2.

 Oct 25 – U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador and presented photos of missiles in Cuba

 October 26 – Khrushchev sent a letter  Proposed removing Soviet missiles and personnel if the U.S. would guarantee not to invade Cuba  October 27 –A U.S. plane was shot down over Cuba and Khrushchev sent a second letter  Demanded the removal of U.S. missiles in Turkey in exchange for Soviet missiles in Cuba.  Attorney General Robert Kennedy suggested ignoring the second letter  Contacted the Soviet Ambassador to tell him of the U.S. agreement with the first.

 October 28 - Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and return the missiles to the Soviet Union, expressing his trust that the United States would not invade Cuba.  Further negotiations were held to implement the October 28 agreement  United States demand that Soviet light bombers be removed from Cuba  Exact form and conditions of United States assurances not to invade Cuba.

 Soviet Insecurity  Missile gap  Berlin Wall  Surrounded by enemies  Cuba’s fear of invasion by U.S.  Bay of Pigs, 1961  Several military exercises

 Closest the world came to nuclear war  Lack of communication during crisis led to establishment of “hotline” between Washington and Moscow  Kennedy and Khrushchev signed agreement to ban further testing in the atmosphere  Seemed to be willing to work together  November 22, 1963 JFK was assassinated, 1964 Khrushchev removed from office