Chemistry Fundamentals Life is Chemical

Atoms vs Molecules Smallest unit of matter is the Atom or the Molecule –Atoms have only 1 element –Molecules have more than 1 kind of element joined together chemically

Periodic Table of the Elements Single type of atom 92 naturally occurring, humans have made a few more

Atomic Symbols 1 or 2 letters representing the atom –C – Carbon –H – Hydrogen –O – Oxygen –N – Nitrogen Most commonly occurring elements in Biology!

Molecule Various types of atoms joined together to make a substance that does not resemble the two elements Hydrogen – gas Oxygen – gas Water - liquid

Representing Molecules Chemical Formula use chemical symbols and numbers to represent a compound H 2 O Structural Formula uses chemical symbols and lines to represent a compound

Ex: Glucose Chemical Formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Structural Formula

Chemical Bonds Atoms combine to form molecules by sharing or trading electrons and forming links between them.

Bonding Chemical bonds are very stable –Forming a bond stores energy –Breaking a bond releases energy  KEY IDEA!!!

Octet Rule The number of bonds depends on the number of electrons in the valence (outermost) shell Valence Electrons = Those electrons in the outermost shell/ring of the atom All atoms like to form an octet (exception of Hydrogen,which likes 2)

Octet Rule Practice Element# Valence Electrons # needed?# bonds? Carbon4 Hydrogen1 Oxygen6 Nitrogen5

Biochemistry Chemistry of Biology

Organic Vs Inorganic Molecules Organic Molecules – occur in living things Generally larger and more complicated in shape than inorganic molecules Always have Carbon & Hydrogen Usually have Oxygen Sometimes have Nitrogen CHON

Four types of Organic Molecules TypeUseLook For  PartsFound Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid

Four types of Organic Molecules TypeUseLook For  PartsFound ProteinBuilding block NitrogenAmino acidMeats Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid

Protein

Four types of Organic Molecules TypeUseLook For  PartsFound ProteinBuilding block NitrogenAmino acidMeats CarbohydrateEnergy5/6 carbon ring GlucoseSugar/ starch Lipid Nucleic Acid

Carbohydrates

Four types of Organic Molecules TypeUseLook For  PartsFound ProteinBuilding block NitrogenAmino acidMeats CarbohydrateEnergy5/6 carbon ring GlucoseSugar/ starch Lipid Cell Membrane, Organ protection Energy Storage “E” shapeGlycerol and Fatty Acids Fats/ waxes Nucleic Acid

Lipid

Unsaturated vs Saturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated vs Saturated Fats

Four types of Organic Molecules TypeUseLook For  PartsFound ProteinBuilding block NitrogenAmino acidMeats CarbohydrateEnergy5/6 carbon ring GlucoseSugar/ starch Lipid Cell Membrane, Organ protection Energy Storage “E” shapeGlycerol and Fatty Acids Fats/ waxes Nucleic AcidInformation Storage “blueprints” 3 partsPhosphate, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogen base DNA

Nucleic Acid

DNA

Making Chains Single UnitChain Amino AcidProtein CarbohydrateStarch Nucleic AcidDNA

Monomer vs Polymer

Monomer (Single Unit)Polymer (Long Chain) Amino AcidPolypeptide or Protein CarbohydrateDisaccharide, Trisaccharide, Polysaccharide or Starch

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis –Remove water to form long chains Simple sugars into starches Hydrolysis –Add water to break chains Polysaccharides into monosaccharides

Lipids: A Special Case Not a polymer, but still use dehydration synthesis.