Spread across North Africa into Spain. Battle of Tours against Franks (732 C.E.). Marks the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe. The Islamic military was turned back in 732 when it lost the Battle of Tours against Frankish forces. This defeat marked the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe. Most of the continent remained Christian, but Muslims ruled Spain for the next seven centuries.

The Arab Empire that accompanied the spread of Islam stretched from Spain to India. In contrast to the spread of Buddhism and Christianity, the early spread of Islam gave rise to a large empire. Within 90 years, the Umayyad rulers had become weak and corrupt. In 750, their capital, Damascus, fell to a group known as the Abbasids. The new rulers founded a new city for their capital, Bagdad. Situated in an ideal spot for trans-Eurasian trade, Bagdad soon rivaled Constantinople in both wealth and population, and the Abbasid Caliphate became one of the most powerful and innovative empires of its time.

Shariah; Islamic code of law. Outlines behavioral requirements for daily life. To govern these diverse lands, Muslims scholars developed the Islamic code of law called Shariah. It outlines behavioral requirements for daily life. For example, it requires morality and honesty, and bans gambling, eating pork, and drinking alcohol. Polygamy is permitted; but Muhammad attempted to limit the practice to four wives. Also, Muslims were cautioned not to enslave Muslims, Christians, or Jews.

Interaction: Developed the first windmills.

Universities throughout the Islamic world. Culture: Universities throughout the Islamic world. The system of Islamic education created by the ulama was a force that helped bind the Islamic world together The cities of Bagdad and Cordoba, Cairo in Egypt and Bukhara in central Asia developed great universities.

Caliph Harun al-Rashid founded the ___________. A goal of the education offered at the madrassas was to preserve an established body of Islamic learning Abbasids; Caliph Harun al-Rashid founded the House of Wisdom. Library to translate Greek classics into Arabic (Bagdad 830 C.E.). Represents a “golden age” of learning.

Alhambra palaces, Grenada Spain (thirteenth century). The greatest expression of ones wealth was the ________. So they became a cornerstone of Islamic art and architecture. Impressive buildings were constructed during this period, such as the palaces and fortresses of the Alhambra (thirteenth century), built outside present-day Grenada. The greatest expression of ones wealth was the fountain. So they became a cornerstone of Islamic art and architecture.

Al-Fazari built the first astrolabe in the Islamic world. Greek innovation. Determines latitude position. Astrolabe: Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, determining local time given local latitude and vice versa, surveying, and triangulation. The astrolabe was invented sometime around 200 BC, and the Greek astronomer Hipparchus is often credited with its invention. A number of Greek scholars wrote in-depth treatises and texts on the astrolabe. Eventually, the tool was introduced to scholars in the Islamic world. The first person credited with building the astrolabe in the Islamic world is reportedly the 8th-century mathematician Muhammad al-Fazari.

Al-Jazari developed a crankshaft in a chain pump. The first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines. The concept of minimizing intermittent working is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump. Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising saqiya chain pump which was run by hydropower rather than manual labour

Al-Haytham developed the camera obscura Al-Haytham developed the camera obscura. An optical device that led to the photographic camera. Working in the imperial city of Cairo in the early 1000s, Ibn al-Haytham was one of the greatest scientists of all time. To regulate scientific advancements, he developed the scientific method, the basic process by which all scientific research is conducted. When he was put under house arrest by the Fatimid ruler al-Hakim, he had the time and ability to study how light works. His research partially focused on how the pinhole camera worked. Ibn al-Haytham was the first scientist to realize that when a tiny hole is put onto the side of a lightproof box, rays of light from the outside are projected through that pinhole into the box and onto the back wall of it. He realized that the smaller the pinhole (aperture), the sharper the image quality, giving him the ability to build cameras that were incredibly accurate and sharp when capturing an image.

Khujandi; determine the Earth's axial tilt (994 C.E.). In Islamic astronomy, Khujandi worked under the patronage of the Buwayhid Amirs at the ... intended to determine the Earth's axial tilt ("obliquity of the ecliptic") to high precision. He determined the axial tilt to be 23°32'19" for the year 994 AD.

Algebra is an Islamic innovation. One of the greatest names in medieval medicine is that ofAbu Bakr Muhammad al-Razi, he is said to have chosen a hospitals position by hanging pieces of meat in various quarters of the city and finding the quarter in which the putrefaction of the meat was the slowest. Al-Jurjani described how to remove cataracts. Al-Razi; promoted basic hygiene.

Economics: The exchange of agricultural products and practices from one region to another was a result of the cross-regional ties created in the expanding Islamic world Land trade routes via camels formed the basis of the Arabian economy. When fighting calmed between two nearby empires, the Byzantines to the north and the Sassanid to the north and east, water travel by the Red Sea and Arabian Sea became more popular than overland routes and the Bedouin trade caravans suffered, The Bedouins had to compete with the coastal merchants and traders whose wealth was growing.

The mass conversion of people living in the Middle East to Islam by the eighth century was because conversion to Islam offered many financial and social benefits. The Abbasids faced economic as well as military challenges. Trade patterns were shifting. Bagdad lost its traditional place on the southern Silk Road route when goods began to move more frequently along northern routes. Slowly, the infrastructure that had made Bagdad a great city fell into decay.

Arab trade ship with lateen sails. Developed the Dhow, Arab trade ship with lateen sails. The Umayyad rulers in Cordoba created a climate of tolerance with Muslim and Christians coexisting easily. They promoted trade, with Chinese and southern Asian goods entering Spain and the rest of Europe. Many of the goods in this trade traveled on ships called dhows. These ships, first developed in India had long, thin hulls that made them excellent for carrying goods, though less useful for warfare.

Social: Increased trade led to powerful merchant elite in many cities. Even as society changed, kinship remained the most important aspect of social relations in the early Islamic world. Clan members felt strong loyalty to one another, just as they had in the Bedouin world. However, the increase in trade along the Red Sea cause the growth of a powerful merchant elite in many cities. Both Mecca and Medina were stops for long-distant camel routes. In these cities, mosques and shariah came to provide a common base for social and cultural life.

Prestigious to be a merchant. Muhammad was a merchant. The role of merchants in Islamic society was more prestigious than in other societies in Europe and Asia. Muhammad and his wife were merchants. Merchants could grow rich from their dealings with India and Central Asia. They were esteemed as long as they maintained fair dealings and gave to charity.

A caliph’s soldiers forbidden to own territory. Lives of conquered people was unchanged. In non-Arabic areas, control by Islamic caliphs led to some discrimination towards non-Arab converts. This discrimination gradually faded in the ninth century. The caliph’s soldiers were forbidden to own territory they had conquered, so they regularly remained in the army due to regular salaries. The presence of a permanent military force that kept order but did not own property allowed the lives of people in the countryside to remain unchanged. These people simply paid taxes to an Islamic caliph rather than to Byzantine rulers.

Imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia. Slaves: Imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia. No hereditary slavery. Conversion meant freedom. Women served as concubines. Slaves were often imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia, but the institution of hereditary slavery did not develop. Many slaves converted to Islam, after which their owners freed them. Once liberated, their children were freeborn. Slave women might serve as concubines to Islamic men who already had wed their allotment of four wives. They were allowed more independence than legal wives. They could go to the market and run errands.

How Muhammad raised status women: Hijab; modest dress and covering head and face. Borrowed from Byzantine. How Muhammad raised status women: Dowries must be paid to the future wife, not father. Forbade female infanticide. Recognition of women’s abilities in business. Some Islamic practices were common in Central Asia and the Byzantine Empire before the time of Muhammad. The practice of observing hijab, the practice of modest dress and covering their heads and faces. While women could study and read, they were not supposed to do so in the company of men not related to them. Muhammad raised the status women. He insisted that dowries, the price a husband paid to secure a bride, be paid to the future wife rather than her father. He forbade female infanticide, the killing of newborn girls. The fact that Muhammad’s first wife was an educated woman with her own business, helped set a pattern for recognition of women’s abilities.

Any questions before the quiz on the next slide? That concludes Islam. Any questions before the quiz on the next slide?