Unit II: 600-1450 C.E. Big Picture Themes: Rebuilding of Declining Empires (“Post-Classical”) Rise & Spread of Islam “Centralized” VS. “Decentralized” Empires “Golden Age” of Nomads Increased Global Trade

1. Trade Patterns: Long-distance trade: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean maritime system, Trans-Saharan trade, Mediterranean Sea “Pax Mongolia”: during Mongol Empire trade flourished

2. Changes: 3. Continuities: - Feudalism - Religious empires - Decentralized states - Nomadic migrations (Turks, Vikings & Mongols) 3. Continuities: - Religions spread Trade routes grow Patriarchal gender roles

4. Tech. & Migrations Inventions: compass, improved ships, GUNPOWDER Migrations: Bantus, Turks, Mongols, Vikings Diseases: Plague spreads…missionaries, nomads, traders

5. Social systems & religion Patriarchal systems Universal religions: Buddhism, Christianity & Islam spread

6. New Empires Dar-al Islam Feudal Europe Tang and Song China Mongols Centralized empires: Byzantine, Arab Caliphates, Tang & Song Decentralized states: W. Europe & Japan (feudalism) The Mongols

China: Tang & Song Dynasties Empress Wu: 1st female Empress Political Features: centralized rule Confucian bureaucracy (civil service exams) defeated by Mongols

The Tang at its peak, c.750

Song “Golden Age”: Economic: Grand Canal: rice Urbanization Cultural Features: Tang: anti-Buddhist backlash Inventions: GUNPOWDER COMPASS “JUNK” SHIP MOVEABLE TYPE

The Song “Golden Age” INVENTIONS: Gunpowder & Rockets Porcelain - Chinaware Landscape art Moveable Type Compass Chinese junks

Rise & Spread of Islam: 600-1450 Beginnings: 610 C.E.: Prophet Muhammad in Mecca Beliefs: Holy book – _____________ “Five Pillars”: 1. ____________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________ Qur’an one god (Allah) Prayer (5x a day facing Mecca) Fasting (Ramadan) Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) Charity

Islam spread to __________________ the Middle East, N. Africa, S. Asia Split: Sunni: largest branch Shia: mostly Iran

Women gained some rights…but confined to “harem” Umayyad Caliphate 1st ISLAMIC EMPIRE highly centralized (Damascus) led by Caliphs spread Arabic Arabs dominated convert or pay tax Women gained some rights…but confined to “harem”

Golden Age of Islam Abbasid Caliphate: sciences, medicine, math, astronomy, chemistry, literature

Which of the following is a major difference between the classical periods in Rome and the Islamic civilizations? (A) While the Roman Empire fell as a result of internal warfare, Islamic dynasties faced few internal divisions. (B) While Roman society had strict social classes, Islam was more egalitarian with fewer barriers to social mobility. (C) Islamic civilizations were more dependent on agriculture. (D) While Roman emperors were considered both secular and religious leaders, the caliphs were secular rulers only.

Byzantine Empire (400’s-1453) - “Eastern Roman Empire” Centralized Greek language E. Orthodox Christianity Capital: Constantinople Empire divided in “themes”: Local military leaders Land for military service HUGE bureaucracy Byzantium during Justinian’s reign. Military Clergy Civil Bureaucrats

United Empire – Justinian’s Code Emperor Justinian: Autocratic Rule Wife: Theodora United Empire – Justinian’s Code Hagia Sophia, roads, public baths, mosaics

Decentralized States 1. Western Europe 2. Japan

Decentralized States WESTERN EUROPE Political: - Feudalism - Lords ruled locally - Catholic Church Economic: Serfdom Manoralism (farming)

knight’s code (chivalry ) Decentralized States WESTERN EUROPE Social: Nobility knight’s code (chivalry ) Catholic Church

Japan Political: bureaucracy: Confucian-like The Rise of Feudalism: Shogun supreme... loyalties of local samurais

-traditional religion: Shinto - rise of Zen Buddhism Japan Cultural: -traditional religion: Shinto - rise of Zen Buddhism - anti-Chinese during Heian Period

Nomadic Empires BIG THREE: The Vikings The Turks The Mongols

Vikings (c. 800-1100) Ransacked Europe adopted Christianity

Nomadic Empires: The Vikings (c. 800-1100)

“Mamluk” slaves conquered Abbasid Caliphate The Turks: Mercenaries Converted to Islam “Mamluk” slaves conquered Abbasid Caliphate

in India began Muslim Delhi Sultanate

The Mongols: Genghis Khan unites horsemanship, archery, & terror LARGEST LAND EMPIRE EVER Resist and die. Submit and live…pay tribute

Empire divided into Khanates Khanate of the Golden Horde Great Khanate Chagatai Khanate Ilkhan Khanate

Middle East: Il-khante Russia: Golden Horde local Princes in power (at Novgorod) TRIBUTARY TAX COLLECTION China: Yuan Dynasty - Kublai Khan centralized rule - Confucianism outlawed - Chinese: lowest class Middle East: Il-khante used local bureaucrats - TAX “FARMING”

Pax Mongolia: The Mongol Peace increase in trade & cultural interaction

Overexpansion (Japanese failure) Mongol Decline Poor administrators Overexpansion (Japanese failure) Internal Rivalry

Africa Ghana: Mali: Gold & salt Trans-Saharan trade! Islamic Conversion to Islam! Mali: Gold & salt Islamic King Mansa Musa (hajj) Ibn Battuta: the traveler Mosque @ Timbuktu Musa’s Hajj

Ibn Battuta - 75,000 miles…across Muslim world -book: Travels of Ibn Battuta

brought paper money, gunpowder to Europe Marco Polo traveled on Silk Roads lived w/ Yuan Dynasty brought paper money, gunpowder to Europe

1. Which of the following is an example of an event or situation between 600 and 1450 C.E. that helps to distinguish it as a new period in world history? a) The invasions of the Huns disrupted the former Roman Empire as they attacked from the northeast. b) Christianity was spread around the eastern Mediterranean by Paul of Tarsus. c) The Mongols invaded many areas of Eurasia and formed the largest empire in world history. d) Buddhism entered China for the first time and for a time supplanted Confucianism.

Marco Polo & Ibn Battuta

2. In the 9th century the Tang Dynasty was weakened by considerable conflict between a) Buddhism and Shintoism b) Shintoism and Hinduism c) Confucianism and Hinduism d) Buddhism and Confucianism

3. In the period between 500 and 1000 C. E 3. In the period between 500 and 1000 C.E., all of the following statements accurately compare the eastern and western parts of the former Roman Empire EXCEPT: a) Christians in both areas were largely under the control of the Pope. b) In general the civilizations of the east were more advanced economically and culturally than the west. c) The east kept more aspects of the old Roman civilization intact than did the west. d) Both civilizations completely collapsed.

Church of St. George, Ethiopia Christianity in Africa: 1. Egypt: Coptic Christians 2. Ethiopia Church of St. George, Ethiopia

East Africa: “Swahili Coast”: -Indian Ocean maritime trade w/ Arabs “Swahili” trade language gold, slaves, ivory

Crusades: wars for “Holy Land” Christians & Muslims Turks win Jerusalem

Fight for the Holy Land…

European Results: new goods & ideas increased trade (Hanseatic League) DECLINE OF FEUDALISM Florence: new banking center

Portuguese “Spice” Trade Portuguese trade in China - Ottoman Turks: blocked European traders… - Europeans: sea routes to the Indies - 1400’s: Portugal explores Africa -port entrepôts in Africa, India, China Portuguese trade in China

Portuguese Spice Trade The map above shows the voyages of Vasco Da Gama, who was able to reach India by sea and gain access to the Spice Islands.

Spread of Disease: Black Death: along Silk Roads entered Europe 1340’s

Buddhism Spread: Mahayana Buddhism: to C. & E. Asia -Bodhisattva worship 3. Japan: Zen Buddhism Theravada Buddhism: to S.E. Asia