Organic Compounds Biology 11 Ms. Lowrie

Nutrients Raw materials needed for cell metabolism 6 classes: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Water 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals

A Healthy & Lean Adult Male Is approximately … 62% water Less than 1% carbohydrate 16% fat 16% protein 5% minerals and other substances

Micronutrients (micro = small) Needed in small amounts in the body Examples: – Vitamins – Minerals

Macronutrients (marco = large) Large molecules – Several units joined together Needed in large amounts in the body Examples: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins - Nucleic acids - Water

Dehydration Synthesis Occurs when two molecules bond together by removing a water (H 2 O) molecule Makes: – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides – Lipids – Proteins

Types of Compounds Organic: Always contain carbon (C) – Usually oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) too Found in all living things Examples: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Inorganic: Do not contain carbon Found in non-living things Examples: – Vitamins – Minerals – Water

Water (H 2 O) Makes up: – 70-90% of cells – 60% of body weight Functions: – Lubricant for digestion – Transport fluid – Regulates body temperature – Determines structure of cell membrane Important properties: – Universal solvent – High heat capacity, vaporization, melting, boiling points – Expands when solid

Carbohydrates Made of simple sugars – Monosaccharide Single/simple sugars – Disaccharide Double sugars – 2 simple sugars joined together – Polysaccharide Complex carbohydrates – Many simple sugars creating long chain

Carbohydrates Function: Energy source – Fuel Extra carbs are: Stored as starch – In plants Stored as glycogen – In animals Food Source(s): Simple Sugars – fruit, vegetables, syrup, jellies, desserts Starch (polysaccharide) – bread, cereal, pasta, potatoes, rice, corn, beans

Cellulose – a.k.a. fiber Polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) Can not be broken down by body – Provides little energy. Found in the cell wall of: – Vegetables, fruits, legumes (lentils), whole grains Important for digestion and gastrointestinal (GI) health

Plants & Carbohydrates

Lipids Made up of fatty acid and glycerol – a.k.a. Triglyceride Other lipids: – Phospholipids – Cholesterol Amounts/types can increase risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer

Lipids Function: Energy source Construction material for: – Cell membrane – Hormones Carry vitamins Extra Fat: Converted into glycogen (a carb) and stored Food Source(s): Meat Milk products Oil Butter Nuts

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

Nutrients that Provide Energy ( Carbohydrates & Lipids) If food not used, will be stored as glycogen (type of polysaccharide) – Used for energy when no food available Over long term if body consumes: – Too much energy = weight gain – Too little energy = weight loss Burns both fat and carbohydrate stores

Proteins Made up of amino acids – Polypeptide chains Humans need 20 amino acids – 12 are made in cells – 8 are obtained from food “Essential” amino acids

Proteins Function: Construction material for: – Enzymes – Anti-bodies – Hormones – Muscles – Cell membrane Food Source(s): Meat Eggs Milk products Rice Beans & legumes (lentils) Essential amino acids - meat, legumes (lentils), whole grains, cheese

Nucleic Acids Composed of nucleotides – `Free nucleotides` gained from ALL food Function: – Carry genetic information Instructions for protein synthesis Examples: – DNA & RNA

Any Questions