Forensic Science or Criminalistics Two words are the same/ interchangeable Definition: the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system The application of science to law

History & Development Who is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ( )? Author of Sherlock Holmes Popularized scientific crime detection: serology (blood), fingerprinting, firearms, & document examination

MATHIEU ORFILA ( ) Father of Forensic Toxicology (study of drug/poison detection) First published text of poisons and their effects on animals

Marsh Apparatus: detect arsenic

ALPHONSE BERTILLON ( ) Father of criminal identification Developed the science of Anthropometry—study of body measurements to identify/distinguish individuals

FRANCIS GALTON ( ) Not the 1 st to use fingerprinting 1 st to establish fingerprinting as a science to be used in criminal cases; he also filed them

GALTON'S OWN PRINTS

LEONE LATTES ( ) Continued the work of Dr. Karl Landsteiner, who discovered blood can be grouped into 4 categories: A, B, AB, & O Devised a simple procedure for determining the blood group of a dried blood stain & applied it to investigations

BLOOD TYPES

CALVIN GODDARD ( ) US Army Colonel Expert on firearms examination Established the use of comparison microscope to identify bullets and the firing gun; applied his expertise to criminal cases

GODDARD EXAMINING A WEAPON

ALBERT S. OSBORN ( ) Forefront of document examination Reason for document acceptance as scientific evidence in courts 1910-authored “Questioned Documents”

WALTER C McCRONE ( ) Worlds most profound microscopist Educated thousands of forensic scientists world wide Used his microscopy skills in thousands of criminal cases.

HANS GROSS ( ) Public prosecutor & judge 1 st to develop and publish a document on applying science disciplines to criminal investigations in 1893

EDMOND LOCARD ( ) Started the 1 st police laboratory in 1910 Founder and director of the 1 st Institute of Criminalistics Believed that when a criminal came in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence occurred

Tuesday BELLRINGER/ACTIVATOR/DO NOW  Take out a sheet of paper and head it  Number it 1-5  BRAINSTORM: List five services provided or jobs done in the field of Forensic Science (Hint: Think about the Forensic shows that you like to watch and our class discussions)  You only have 5 minutes…don’t waste time

SERVICES OF CRIME LABS  Physical Science Unit-uses techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify & compare evidence like drugs, glass, paint, explosives, & soil  Biology Unit-identify & profile DNA, dried blood stains, and other bodily fluids. Compare hairs, fibers, and other botanical materials like plants/wood.  Firearms Unit-examine firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, & all ammunition; examine clothing & other objects for gunshot residue. Approximate distances from targets. Compare tool markings. ..

SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’  Document Examination Unit-determine authenticity and/or source of typewritten & hand written documents. Analyze paper, ink, indented writing (depressions on the page under the page that was actually written on), obliterations, erasures, & burned/charred documents.  Photography Unit-examine & record physical evidence. X-ray photography to make the invisible visible. Prepare photo exhibits for courtroom presentations. ..

SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Toxicology Unit-examine bodily fluids and organs for presence/absence of drugs, poisons, and/or alcohol. Train operators, maintain, and service field instruments like the Intoxilyzer (measures alcohol consumption). Latent Finger Print Unit-examine & process evidence for finger prints. (Latent means not apparent to the eye but able to be made visible by dusting/fuming.).

Intoxilyzer (aka breathalyzer)

SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Polygraph (Lie detector)Unit-for investigation & interrogation; generally used by investigators not forensic scientists Voiceprint Analysis Unit-ties a voice to a suspect using a sound spectrograph (instrument that turns speech into a visual graph called a “voice print.”) Ex. Uses: telephone threats, recorded messages, etc.

Sound Spectrograph Result

Polygraph Test

Polygraph Results

SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Evidence Collection Unit-collect and preserve physical evidence that will be later processed in the crime lab.

6 Forensic Specialties  Forensic Pathology—the investigation of sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths  Forensic Anthropology—specialty used in identification and examination of skeletal remains  Forensic Entomology—the study of insects and their relationship to criminal investigations  Forensic Psychiatry—the examination of the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings  Forensic Odontology—the identification of an individual through the analysis of teeth  Forensic Engineering—analysis of structural failures, accident reconstruction, and causes/origins of fires/explosions ..