1. Introduction & Expectations
Forensic Science
Introduction
&
Expectations

2. FORENSIC SCIENCE Supply list Composition Notebook
Writing Utensil (Pen or Pencil)
Lab Fee – 20.00

3. FORENSIC SCIENCE CLASS EXPECTAITONS
Bring all necessary supplies to class
Participate in class
Do your part in lab

4. FORENSIC SCIENCE What is Forensic Science?
-the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system
TV show involving Forensic Science

5. FORENSIC SCIENCE Disciplines that are included in Forensic Science
Criminalistics
Engineering Science
General Science
Jurisprudence
Odontology
Pathology/Biology

6. FORENSIC SCIENCE Disciplines that are included in Forensic Science
Physical Anthropology
Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
Questioned Documents
Toxicology
This is not a exclusive list, but does include the most common disciplines involved.

7. History and Development of Forensic Science
Early Development
Earliest record of applying forensic science to solve a crime come from a 3rd century China
Initial Scientific Advances
1775 – Development of test for arsenic poisoning
1798 – A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health

8. History and Development: Forensic Science
1806 – More refined method of Arsenic testing
1814 – Mathieu Orfila, father of modern forensic toxicology
Published book on toxicology
1828 – William Nichol invented polarizing microscope

9. History and Development: Forensic Science
Late Nineteenth-Century Progress
Public officials beginning to apply knowledge from all scientific disciplines to the solving of crimes
Anthropology and morphology were 1st used

10. History and Development: Forensic Science
1879 Alphonse Bertillon
The first system of personal identification was called anthropometry.
It distinguished one individual from another based on a series of measurements

11. History and Development: Forensic Science
1892 – first use of fingerprints to identification
Sherlock Holmes – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle heavily influenced by science articles of the day

12. History and Development: Forensic Science
Twentieth Century Breakthroughs 1901 – Karl landsteiner discovered blood typing 1915 – Leone lattes – created a way to blood type dried blood 1910 – Albert S Osborn “Questioned Documents”

13. History and Development: Forensic Science
Edward Locard
1910 convinced Lyons Police department to give him an attic to do forensic work.
Founder of Institute of Criminalistics
Locard Exchange Principle – When 2 objects come in contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs

14. History and Development: Forensic Science
Army Colonel Calvin Goddard – allowed investigators to determine whether a particular gun has fired a bullet by comparing the bullet with one that has been test fired

15. History and Development: Forensic Science
Modern Scientific Advances
DNA typing
More exact than fingerprints
Almost fool proof

16. REVIEW
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system
The first system of personal identification was called anthropometry. It distinguished one individual from another based on a series of measurements

17. REVIEW
Forensic science owes its origins to individuals such as Bertillon Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Osborn, and Locard, who developed the principles and techniques needed to identify or compare physical evidence
Locard Exchange Principle states when two objects come in contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs

18. VOCABULARY
Locard exchange principle

19. History of Crime Labs in the United States
CRIME LABORATORIES
History of Crime Labs in the United States
1923- Los Angeles Police Department – Oldest Forensic Lab
1932 – FBI – J. Edgar Hoover
4 major federal crime laboratories
FBI
DEA
Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives
The US Postal Inspection Service
Don’t have state boundaries

20. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Physical Science Unit
Applies principles and techniques of chemistry, Physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence.
Staffed by criminalists who have expertise to use chemical test and modern analytical instrumentations
Analyze drugs, glass, paint, explosives, and soil

21. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Biological Unit
Staffed with biologist and biochemists
Identify and perform DNA profiling on dried blood stains and other fluids, compare hair and fibers

22. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Firearms Unit
Examines firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, Shotgun shells, and ammunitions of all types
Examines garments for gun discharge residue
Determine angle and distance a firearm was fired

23. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Document Examination Unit
Studies the handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents to ascertain authenticity and source
Analyzing paper and ink

24. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Photography Lab
Examines and records physical evidence
Includes digital imaging infrared, ultraviolent, and X-ray photography

25. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Toxicology Unit
Examines body fluids and organs to determine the presence of absence of drugs and poisons
Generally housed in the Coroner’s office
Latent Fingerprint Unit
Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints

26. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Polygraph Unit
Lie detector
Maintained and used at Police departments
Voiceprint Analysis Unit
Used in telephone threats or tape-recorded messages
Uses digital generated voiceprint to compare samples

27. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB
Crime Scene Investigations Unit
CSI
Becoming more popular since 911
Combines all units under 1 unit
Evidence is collected, recorded and analyzed

28. SUMMARY
The development of crime labs in the US has been characterized by rapid growth accompanied by lack of national and regional planning and coordination

29. Four major reasons for the increase in the number of crime laboratories in the US since 1960
Miranda Rights eliminated confessions as a routine investigation tool
Staggering increase in crime rates in the US
Illicit-drugs must be sent to a forensic lab to be identified
The advent of DNA profiling

30. SUMMARY
The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic services:
Physical science unit
Biology unit
Firearms unit
Document examination unit
Photography unit

31. SUMMARY
Some crime labs offer optional services such as toxicology, fingerprint analysis, polygraph administration, voiceprint analysis, and Crime scene investigation
Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community include forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic entomology, forensic psychiatry, forensic Odontology, forensic engineering, forensic computer and digital analysis

32. The Functions of the Forensic Scientist
Analyzing Physical Evidence
Determine admissibility of evidence
Judging scientific evidence
Providing expert testimony
Furnish training in the proper recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence

33. SUMMARY
A forensics scientist must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of the physical and natural sciences to analyzing evidence that may be recovered during a criminal investigation
The cases Frye vs.. United States and Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc set guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom

34. An expert witness evaluate evidence based on specialized training and experience
Forensics scientists participate in training law enforcement personnel in the proper recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence

35. VOCABULARY
Scientific method – a process that uses strict guidelines to ensure carful and systematic collection organization and analysis of information
Expert witness – a individual whom the court determines to possess a particular skill or knowledge in a trade or profession that is not expected of the average layperson and that will aid a court in determining the truth of a matter at a trial

36. http://video. nationalgeographic