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Before the slave trade- There were prosperous trade routes connecting African communities and other people groups. people groups.

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

EAST AFRICA

The Berlin Conference Conference of European powers Purpose was to divide Africa among them. Borders were decided without consideration of tribal boundaries.

COLONIAL AFRICA

More direct rule by France, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium. Africans kept out of government Indirect rule by Britain. Africans allowed to run local governments and community affairs. Final authority rested with British There was more direct rule by France, Portugal, Germany, and Belgium. African were kept out of government affairs. The British ruled more indirectly and allowed Africans to run local and community affairs. Final authority, however, rested with the British. Education not encouraged and there was little no training in government.

. Boundaries of colonial powers became boundaries of new nations with no consideration for diverse ethnic and tribal groups. Different languages, religions, and customs of these groups were placed into these boundaries.

Valuable minerals and timber were stripped away by colonial powers while economic development of Africa itself was ignored. Many African countries have adopted the language, customs, and religion of their former colonial ruler. former colonial ruler. Colonial rule may have raised the standard of living in some parts of Africa. Railroads were built into the interior to transport minerals and goods to be shipped.

There are about 1000 languages spoken in Africa

TRIBES OF MALI

DIVERSE CULTURES Religions –I–I–I–Islam mainly in north, along eastern Africa and western in the Sahel –C–C–C–Christianity in West, Central, East and Southern Africa largely due to influence of European powers and missionaries –A–A–A–Animism-throughout sub-sahara, west, east and south

ANIMISM Ordinary things in nature – sky, rivers, trees, animals—all contain gods or spirits.

Ancestor worship Emphasizes the influence of the deceased relatives on the living May pray to the “departed” for blessings on the living including rain, fertility and happiness Reverence for the dead

DESERTIFICATION OF THE SAHEL

THE SAHEL-West and Central Africa Area that lies between the Sahara Desert in the north and the tropical rain forests Mostly savanna with semiarid climate Human-environment interaction: people have changed the environment through overgrazing and deforestation Desertification is occurring in this area Desertification refers to the transformation of arable land into desert by natural or human intervention.

CONFLICT

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JOSEPH KABILA Current Leader WAR IN DEMOCRATIC OF CONGO During this time, estimated 3.3 millions died

Combatants Democratic Republic of Congo NamibiaZimbabweAngola Mai Mai Chad Hutu aligned forces UgandaRwandaBurundi Movement for the Liberation of Congo Congolese Rally for Democracy Tutsi aligned forces Tentative peace: Withdrawal of Ugandan and Rwandan troops and peace deal with internal combatants

Stabilized country, but his rule was repressive and corrupt. Rule became known as “kleptocracy” because his administration stole billions from export earnings and Western aid. Mobutu Sese Seko was leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo

WAR IN SUDAN SUDAN HAS HAD 17 YEARS OF WARFARE SINCE 1983, NEARLY 5 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY CIVIL WAR. AMONG THESE WERE AT LEAST 20,000 BOYS WHO WERE SEPARATED FROM THEIR FAMILIES

Ranked #1 Worst Dictator in the World Omar Al-Bashir of Sudan 1989-Present Routinely bombs civilians and kills non- Muslims He provides sanctuary for terrorists and then turns against them in return for aid.

JANJAWEED –MEN ON HORSEBACK have attacked black Africans and have driven them from their homes.

ARDAMATA REFUGEE CAMP- Where many homeless have fled.

Lost boys of Sudan- some have been re- located to the U.S.

LOST BOYS Beginning in 1987, thousands of these boys were driven from their homes and walked enormous distances seeking refuge from forcible conscription. They walked to Ethiopia to seek refuge, but a change in government forced them to flee back into Sudan where they received help from the Red Cross.

From there they traveled by foot to a refugee camp in Kenya. UNICEF has reunited 1,200 boys with their families and others have been sponsored by organizations in the U.S.

SOMALIA

U.S. military involvement Initiallly helped with relief efforts to get food to starving citizens. starving citizens. Food was being taken by rival warlords Food was being taken by rival warlords and not getting to those who needed the and not getting to those who needed the food most (est. 80% of the food was food most (est. 80% of the food was stolen. stolen.  U.S. military, aided by Malaysian and  Pakistani U.N. forces, became involved  with the struggle for power between warlords in  Somalia.

In October, 1994, U.S. led an operation to capture leaders of Mohammed Aidid’s militia. The overall operation did not succeed. Special U.S. forces disengaged from Somalia in disengaged from Somalia in 1994.

SOMALIA HAS CONTINUED TO BE WITHOUT A RECOGNIZED CENTRAL GOVERNMENT FOR 12 YEARS. DROUGHT AND FAILED CROPS HAVE RESULTED IN ANOTHER FAMINE IN. PARTS OF SOMALIA THIS YEAR.

Troops from Ethiopia, Uganda, and the African Union have become involved in fighting. The Union of Islamic Courts, which has control of some parts of Somalia, fighting. The Union of Islamic Courts, which has control of some parts of Somalia, does not want intervention. does not want intervention.

UGANDA Conflict between the (LRA) Lord’s Resistance Army and the national Government army since 1987

Two women whose lips had been cut off by the LRA socialize in the Gulu district.

Rated # 9 of the World’s Worst Dictators Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe 1980-present

Mugabe confiscated farms owned by whites and gave them to his supporters. Production has dropped dramatically because supporters do not know how to manage the farms. Has killed or tortured and displaced more than 70,000 persons.

OF THE 40.3 MILLION INFECTED WITH AIDS WORLD WIDE Over 25 MILLION OF THEM ARE IN AFRICA In 2005, 2.4 million people in the Sub-Sahara died of an HIV/AIDS related illness.

4.3 MILLION OF THOSE INFECTED HAVE BEEN CHILDREN ONLY 1 IN 10 AFRICANS IN NEED OF ANTI- RETR0VIRAL TREATMENT WERE RECEIVING IT IN MID-2005.

Resources, public pressure, and political action are needed.

SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANALESOTHOSWAZILANDNAMIBIAZAMBIAZIMBABWE ALL HAVE 20% OR MORE OF THEIR ADULT POPULATION LIVING WITH AIDS ALL HAVE 20% OR MORE OF THEIR ADULT POPULATION LIVING WITH AIDS

SOUTH AFRICA

In the 1600s, Dutch, German, and French settlers came to South Africa. These people came to be be known as “Afrikaners”. They gradually took more land from the Africans. The British later came and asserted more control over the Africaners and the indigenous people.

APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA MEANS “APARTNESS” IN SOUTH AFRICA, THE 75% OF AFRICANS WERE FORCED TO LIVE APART FROM THE 13% WHITES THERE WAS SEGREGATION IN EVERY ASPECT OF SOCIETY- SCHOOLS, ASPECT OF SOCIETY- SCHOOLS, PUBLIC FACILITIES, RESTAURANTS, PUBLIC FACILITIES, RESTAURANTS, LIVING QUARTERS, ETC. LIVING QUARTERS, ETC.

APARTHEID LASTED FROM

DURING THIS TIME, AFRICANS IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY COULD NOT THEIR OWN COUNTRY COULD NOT VOTE OR HOLD OFFICE. VOTE OR HOLD OFFICE. THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK IN POOR CONDITIONS AT POVERTY POOR CONDITIONS AT POVERTY LEVEL WAGES. LEVEL WAGES. ALL DIAMOND MINES, GOLD MINES, AND EVERY ASPECT OF THE ECONOMY WAS CONTROLLED BY WHITES AND EVERY ASPECT OF THE ECONOMY WAS CONTROLLED BY WHITES

EVERY BLACK AFRICAN HAD TO HAVE A PASS AND WAS RESTRICTED FROM TRAVEL- ING OUTSIDE THEIR RESIDENCE AREA

South Africa’s major trading partners- Europe and the U.S.- placed economic sanctions against South Africa. Africans in townships kept up pressure with protests during this time.

Nelson Mandela South Africa’s 1 st Black President Fought against Apartheid and was in prison for 27 years. Mandela’s oldest son died of AIDS in 2005.

THE LEMBA—BLACK JEWS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA Claim to be descendants of the ancient Jewish priesthood Genetic testing has verified their claim

AFRICAN UNION FORMED IN 2002 AFTER THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY DISBANDED DISBANDED 53 MEMBERS NEW FOCUS ON FIGHTING POVERTY AND CORRUPTION AND CORRUPTION

AFRICAN UNION AUTHORIZED TO STOP GENOCIDE, WAR CRIMES OR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES WITHIN INDIVIDUAL MEMBER NATIONS RECENTLY HAD A SUMMIT MEETING TO DISCUSS THE 10 MILITARY CONFLICTS AMONG MEMBERS AND THE RAVAGES OF HIV/AIDS

AFRICAN UNION HEADQUARTERS- ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

PROBLEMS- AFRICAN NATIONS  HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC  MALNUTRITION –Other diseases cholera and malaria cholera and malaria  LACK OF SAFE WATER  CIVIL WARS AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS  HIGH BIRTH RATE  CHILD LABOR /POOR EDUCATION  CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENT  POOR INFRASTRUCTURE  FAMINE  FRAIL ECONOMIES

Resiliency and Hope Countries are implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS. New foods have been developed which might nourish the children and build their immune systems. International forces are attempting to stop the killing and displacement in Darfur. Active warfare in the Democratic Republic of Congo has subsided though peace is fragile.