Absolutism
Absolutism The political belief that one ruler should have all of the power within the country. Absolute monarchs were such rulers Believed that they ruled by divine right, which meant that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth. Absolute monarch answered directly and only to God and no one else.
King Philip II of Spain Son of Charles V Devoutly Catholic
Louis XIV of France Very Extravagant Sun King
Versailles
Maria Theresa of Austria Hapsburg family Faced many years of war, especially with Prussia Mother of Marie Antoinette
Fredrick the Great of Prussia Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform
Thirty Years’ War Lutherans and Catholics were still at odds, but now both were threatened by Calvinism as well. Ferdinand II Hapsburg Next Holy Roman Emperor War breaks out
Thirty Years’ War First 12 years: Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crush Protestants 1630: Hapsburg armies driven out of northern Germany. French Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin send troops to aid Protestants
Peace of Westphalia Ended 30 years war and religious wars in Europe Weakened Austria and Spain France gained German territory German princes independent of Holy Roman Emperor New method of peace negotiations
Ivan the Terrible of Russia Rule by Terror Police force to murder traitors Killed thousands of people and seized their land.
Peter the Great of Russia Helped to Westernize Russia Built St. Petersburg
Charles I of England English Civil War Charles tired for treason and beheaded.
England King Charles II restores the monarchy: Restoration. The overthrow of King James II: Glorious Revolution England did NOT become an absolute monarchy, but a Constitutional Monarchy, where laws limited the power of the ruler.