1. Central European Monarchs Clash Chapter Five – Section Three

2. Absolutism Objective
Summarize the development of absolute and constitutional monarchies in Europe from 1500 to 1800

3. Chapters in Brief
Germany had suffered from religious wars that ended in Rulers of each state agreed that they would decide whether their lands would be Catholic or Protestant. Over the next decades, though, the two sides had tense relations. In 1618, a new war broke out and lasted for 30 terrible years. In the first half of the war, Catholic forces led by Ferdinand -the Holy Roman Emperor, won. However, Germany suffered, because he allowed his large army to loot towns. Then the Protestant king of Sweden won several battles against him. In the last years of the war, France helped the Protestants. Although France was a Catholic nation, Richelieu feared growing Hapsburg family power.

4. Chapters in Brief
The Thirty Year’s War ended in1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. It had been a disaster for Germany. About four million people had died, and the economy was in ruins. It took Germany two centuries to recover. The peace weakened the power of Austria and Spain and made France stronger. Because of this war, each nation of Europe was seen as having an equal right to negotiate with the others. While strong states arose in western Europe, none emerged in central Europe. The economies there were less developed than in the West. Most people were still peasants. This region had not built an economy based in towns. Nobles enjoyed great power, which kept the power of rulers in check. Still, two important powers arose.

5. Chapters in Brief
The Hapsburg family ruled Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia in an empire that linked many different peoples. Maria Theresa, Queen of Austria, managed to increase her power and cut that of the nobles. She was opposed by the kings of Prussia, a new state in northern Germany. Those kings built a strong state with much power given to the large, well-trained army. In 1740, Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded one of Maria Theresa’s lands. The queen fought hard to keep the territory, but lost. Still, in fighting this War of the Austrian Succession, she managed to keep the rest of her empire intact. The two sides fought again beginning in In the Seven Years’ War, Austria abandoned Britain, its old ally, for France and Russia. Prussia joined with Britain. The Prussians and British won. In that victory, Britain gained complete control over France’s colonies in North America and India.

6. Conflict Mounts 1555 – Peace of Augsburg
(German Prince’s could pick – Catholic or Lutheran)
1608 – Lutherans formed the Protestant Union
1609 – Catholic Princes formed the Catholic League

7. Conflict Mounts
Churches in Germany could be either Lutheran or Catholic, but no Calvinist
2. After the Peace of Augsburg, the Catholic and Lutheran princes of Germany watched each other suspiciously

8. The Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648)
3. The Protestants in Bohemia did not trust Ferdinand II, who was a foreigner and a Catholic 4. When he closed some Protestant churches, Protestants revolted. Ferdinand sent an army into Bohemia to crush the revolt. Several German Protestant princes took this chance to challenge their Catholic emperor.

9. The Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648)
Thirty Years War: conflict over religion and
territory and for power
among European ruling
families
Causes
Lutheran and Catholic princes felt threatened by the spreading of Calvinism
Protestants in Bohemia revolt against the closing
of Protestant churches by Ferdinand II

10. The Thirty Years’ War (continued)
First Phase
Hapsburg Triumphs (1618 – 1630)
- Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed the
troops hired by the Protestant princes.
- they succeeded in putting down the Czech uprising.
- Ferdinand II’s huge army destroyed everything in its path.

11. Thirty Years’ War (continued)
Second Phase
Hapsburg Defeats (1631 – 1648)
the tide of war shifted in 1630
the Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany
Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France dominated the remaining years of the war.

12. Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Peace of Westphalia ended the thirty years war
Consequences
it weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
it strengthened France by awarding it German territory
it made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor

13. States Form in Central Europe
The major powers of Central
Europe were:
- the kingdom of Poland
- the Holy Roman Empire
- the Ottoman Empire

14. States Form in Central Europe Contrasts with Western Europe
Economic Development of Western Europe
Economic Development of Central Europe
Serfs won freedom and moved to towns
Serfs gained economic power due to the commercial revolution and capitalism
Laws restricted the ability of serfs to gain freedom and move to towns
Serfs produced large harvests, so the nobles could make great profits

15. Central European Empires
Weaknesses
Since the serfs were held down,
it also blocked the development of strong kings. The result was that there was not a strong ruler who could form a unified state.

16. Central European Empires
Weaknesses 13 In addition, the Holy Roman Empire was seriously weakened by the Thirty Years’ War. No longer able to command the obedience of German states, it had no real power

17. The Hapsburgs Become More Powerful
Three Steps
during the Thirty Years’ War, the Hapsburgs re-conquered Bohemia
the Hapsburg ruler centralized the
government and created a standing army
the Hapsburgs retook Hungary from the Ottoman Empire

18. Maria Theresa
the oldest daughter of the Hapsburg ruler, Charles VI
mother of Marie Antoinette, future wife of King Louis XVI
as empress, she decreased the power of the nobility
she limited the amount of labor that
nobles could force upon the peasants

19. Maria Theresa Daughter of Charles VI Queen of Austria 1740-1780
Last name: Hapsburg
15. The heir to the
Hapsburg – Austrian –
throne was Maria
Theresa

20. The Rise of Prussia’s Hohenzollerns
Three Steps
building their state from a number of small holdings, beginning with the German states of Brandenburg
and Prussia.
they created a large standing
army
the Junkers were given the exclusive right to be officers in the army

21. Frederick the Great (Frederick II) 1712 - 1786
Frederick William worried that his
son, Frederick, was not military enough to rule (true)
aggressive in foreign affairs
encouraged religious toleration and legal reform at home

22. Frederick the Great (Frederick II) 1712 - 1786
18. Frederick the Great followed his father’s military policies when he came to power. According to the theory of government, Frederick believed that a ruler should be l like a father to his people

23. Frederick the “Grrrrrrrrrrr-eat” Quotes
“A Crown is merely a hat that lets the rain in.”
“Don’t forget your great guns, which are the most respectable arguments of the rights of kings.”
“He who defends everything defends nothing.”

24. More Frederick the “Grrrrrrrrr-eat” Quotes
“If my soldiers were to begin to think, not one of them would remain in the army.”
“My people and I have come to an agreement which satisfied us both. They are to say what they please, and I am to do what I please.”
“What is the good of experience if you do not reflect?”

25. Even More Frederick the “Grrrrrrrr-eat” Quotes
“The greatest and noblest pleasure which we have in this world is to discover new truths, and the next is to shake off old prejudices.”
“Diplomacy without arms is like music without instruments.”

26. Seven Years’ War
Maria Theresa made an alliance with the French (false)
Austria, France, Russia, and others vs. Britain and Prussia
Fought in Europe, India, and North America

27. Seven Years’ War (continued)
The territorial situation in Europe remain unchanged
France lost its colonies in North America
Britain gained sole economic domination of India

28. Essential Question
Describe the Thirty Years’ War and explain the growth of central European State.
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.

29. Absolutism Objective
Summarize the development of absolute and constitutional monarchies in Europe from 1500 to 1800