Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 1 Intro to A & P

Anatomy v. Physiology Anatomy Physiology

Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope Regional: studied area by area Systemic: studied system by system Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope Cytology: cellular anatomy Histology: study of tissues

Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things Considers operations of specific organ systems Cell physiology: examines processes in cells Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Structural & Functional Organizations Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Structural & Functional Organizations Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organs of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Characteristics of Life Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells Development: changes in an organism over time Differentiation: change from general to specific Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable, relatively constant internal environment Set point: ideal value Normal range: variations of set point Examples?

Homeostatic Feedback Systems 2 types: Negative and Positive 3 Components Receptor: monitors the value of a variable Control center: receives info from receptor, establishes the set point, & controls effector Effector: can change the value of the variable Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor Response: produced by the effector

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Negative Feedback Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted) Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Positive Feedback Response is to make the deviation greater from set point Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

Terminology and Body Plan Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Terminology and Body Plan Anatomical Position Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions Supine: lying face upward Prone: lying face downward

Terminology and Body Plan (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Terminology and Body Plan (cont.) Directional Terms Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) Medial vs. Lateral Proximal vs. Distal Superficial vs. Deep Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal)

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Body Parts and Regions

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Body Parts and Regions

Body Regions Upper limb Lower limb Central Trunk Thorax Abdomen – RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Abdominal Subdivisions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Abdominal Subdivisions

Body Planes Sagittal divides body into left and right sections Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Body Planes Sagittal divides body into left and right sections Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections

Planes of Section Through an Organ Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Planes of Section Through an Organ Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ Oblique: cut at an angle

Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity

Trunk Cavities Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Abdominopelvic Pleural Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Trunk Cavities Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Pleural Mediastinum Pericardial (diaphragm) Abdominopelvic Abdominal Pelvic

Serous Membranes Types: Visceral Parietal Examples: Pericardium Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Serous Membranes Types: Visceral Parietal Examples: Pericardium Pleural Peritoneum Mesenteries The visceral peritoneum covers many abdominal organs.

Imaging Techniques Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Ultrasound (US) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Computed Tomography (CT Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.