The Cell

 2 Major Types  Prokaryotic- Mainly bacteria or cells without a nucleus  Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm  Do not have many of the common organelles or cell parts.

 Eukaryotic- Contain a nucleus  Plants, animals, fungi, and protists  Genetic material is generally found in the nucleus and is surrounded by a membrane  Contain organelles with specific functions

 Many sizes and shapes  Related to function of the cell  Example:  Human blood cell looks like a donut because it needs to bend and fold to fit into tight spaces.  Nerve cell- very long because it sends signals over long distances.

 Cell membrane  Found in plant and animal cells  Protects the cell from outside substances  Regulates or allows some substances into the cell  Made of a protein layer and phospholipid layer

 Cell wall  Found in plant cells, bacteria, and fungal and some protists  Protects from attack of viruses and harmful organisms  In plants- provides support and structure

Cell membrane Cell Wall

 Cytoplasm- a fluid inside the cell that is mostly water but also contains salts and other molecules.  Also contains the CYTOSKELETON- a network of threadlike proteins join together  Gives the cell shape and allows for movement

 Used for movement  Flagella- long, tail like appendages that move back and forth  Cilia- short, hair like structures

 Largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells  Surrounded by two membranes- nuclear membrane  Directs cells activities  Contains the genetic information  Human’s genetic information is found on 46 chromosomes  Kangroo’s genetic information is on 6 chromosomes

 Makes ribosomes  Often appears as a dark spot

 Ribosomes make proteins  Ribosomes can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).  The ER extends from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

 Two types of ER  Rough and Smooth  Rough  Protein production  Smooth  Makes lipids like cholesterol  Helps remove harmful substances from the cell

 Mitochondria are responsible for processing energy in most cells  Surrounded by two membranes  Energy is stored in molecules called ATP  Chemical processes release the ATP  ATP= Adenosine triphosphate  ATP is the fuel for cellular processes such as growth, cell division, and material transport

 Found in plant cells, algae, some protists  Use light energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.  Green pigment- chlorophyll

 The Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body  Prepares and Packages proteins into tiny membrane bound ball like structures known as vesicles.  Transport materials from one part of the cell to another.

 Found in some animal cells  Break down and recycle cellular parts  Contain digestive enzymes

 Found in both plant and animal cells  Animal cells tend to be small  Store food, water, and waste material  Plant cells usually have one large one called the CENTRAL VACUOLE. It stores water for support and shape of the cell.