Family Revision activities 2014 With the following activities – aim to recap core knowledge..but then start to try and: Explain points – check understanding Relate to debates Consider different theoretical views Make links between factors Think about which points you will emphasise most in your answers

Family Revision 1 Key terms review

NEO-CONVENTIONAL FAMILY BEANPOLE FAMILY BIRTH RATE CEREAL-PACKET FAMILY CHILD-CENTREDNESS COHABITATION CONJUGAL ROLES MORTALITY RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DIVORCE DIVORCE RATE DUAL BURDEN EMPTY SHELL MARRIAGE EXPRESSIVE ROLE EXTENDED FAMILY FAMILY FERTILITY RATE JOINT CONJUGAL ROLES INFANT MORTALITY RATE LONE PARENT MARCH OF PROGRESS MARRIAGE MARRIAGE RATE NET MIGRATION NEO-CONVENTIONAL FAMILY

PRIMARY SOCIALISATION PATRIARCHY PRIMARY SOCIALISATION RECONSTITUTED FAMILY SECULARISATION SEGREGATED CONJUGAL ROLES SERIAL MONOGAMY SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION STABILISATION OF ADULT PERSONALITY STRUCTURALLY ISOLATION SYMMETRICAL FAMILY URBANISATION WARM BATH THEORY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ALIENATION AGEISM TOXIC CHILDHOOD DUAL WORKER FAMILY INSTRUMENTAL ROLE LOOSE SOCIAL NETWORKS KINSHIP TIES STAGE 3 FAMILY WELFARE DEPENDENCY

Role of the Family Family Revision 2 Focus What functions does the family perform for society? How does the family support (or harm) individuals? How does the family link to the rest of society? Is the family a positive or negative institution?

Family Revision 2 Functionalism Marxism The family and individuals Who benefits most? Teaching norms and values Social control Links to economy

Key concepts to sort (Functionalist and Marxist) Sexual function Inheritance and private property ‘goodness of fit’ Dislike of nuclear family model G P Murdock Reproductive function Reduces alienation and frustration Parsons Althusser Ideological condititioning Socialisation function (education) Economic function (shelter, food etc) Bias towards nuclear family Stabilisation of adult personality Engels Primary socialisation Love and support Buffer to revolution Warm bath theory Zaretsky

Evaluation Functionalism (pages 2/3) Marxism (pages 4/5)

Family Revision 2 Functionalism Feminism (general) The family and individuals Who benefits most? Teaching norms and values Social control Links to economy

Key points/studies Evaluation Marxist Feminism Main argument – Benston: Ansley : Radical feminism Main argument - Millett: Gittens: Liberal feminism Young & Willmott: Somerville:

Role of family - diamond 9 Sexual, economic, reproduction and educational role Nuclear family is to pass on wealth through inheritance Warm bath = eases tensions Family prevents revolution Domestic labour harms women Capitalism mainly benefits from families Escape ‘adult role’ Family promotes ideology Men are the enemy

Don’t forget… Dark side of the family (domestic violence/abuse) Mental health and family life

Exam ‘style’ questions Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess the Marxist view that the main role of the family is to serve the interests of capitalism. (24 marks) Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess the Functionalist view of the role of the family in society(24 marks)

Family Revision 1 Conjugal roles

Conjugal Roles Revision Evidence/arguments For/against Symmetrical family Young & Willmott Bott Social Networks Decision making Childcare Finances Invisible work Gender role socialisation Domestic appliances Dual workers Equal opportunities policies Social class differences Ethnic differences March of progress Jan Pahl Ann Oakley Social construction of housewife role Gershuny Patriarchy For equality Against equality

Conjugal roles recap Symmetry Inequality Causes of… Housework Changes in position of women Stage 3 family – isolated/warmer New technology/standard of living Socialisation/gender expectations Patriarchal ideology/culture FEMINIST NOTES! Housework Men sharing in role – ie) DIY, Kids Housewife = social construction Childcare Men sharing more Less kids – child centred Not dirty work/primary responsibility Employment Dual earner = more support Commercialisation of housework (less effort needed)..ready meals/microwv Pay for childcare Dual burden Unemployed men do very little Childcare only to m/c Decision making and finances Equality – sharing as women contribute to finances more Men control finances/decisions Strings attached Emotion work Stressful managing family emotion Power in relationship Democratic/equality Warm bath/supportive/balance Domestic violence Women ‘absorb frustration’ Factors influencing level of equality: feminist movement, employment, changing attitudes, laws, sexuality, divorce/cohabitaion, number of children, violence/stability, social class/ethicity/age, kinship

Family Revision 1 Demography

Demography consolidation Causes Effects Sociology stuff Birth Rate decline Elderly in poverty Pressure on NHS Welfare dependency Dependency ratio Better healthcare Better nutrition/diet Benefits/pensions Improved housing Pressure on families Smaller families Equal opps and women’s careers Safer working conditions Improved sanitation Better health education More people live alone Extra work for women Contraception Changing attitudes Decline of religion Children expensive Cohabitation Border control Flee war/disaster Globalisation Fertility rate Life expectancy Death rate decline Ageing Migration

Family Revision 1 Family Diversity

Family Diversity Growth in diversity Sociology stuff Nuclear is Norm Rappoports Chester Cereal Packet Image Parsons ‘goodness of fit’ Stage 3 Family Ideology of the family Organisational diversity Class diversity Cohort diversity Dual worker families Single parents People living along Reconstituted Childless couples Cohabitation Gay couples Allan & Crowe economic instability Less stigma rise of individualism Secularisation Apartners Immigration Jeffrey Weeks Contraception IVF Equal opportunities women’s careers Divorce laws Changing attitudes ‘neo-conventional family’ Life cycle Cheal Feminist views New Right views Post Modern views

Reasons for growth in diversity Divorce Changing attitudes Less stigma/greater tolerance Contraception Immigration Feminist movement/equal opportunities Secularisation Rise of welfare state

Theoretical Views on Diversity Pro Diversity Anti-Diversity Postmodernists Growth of individualism Choice and flexibility (chosen families) Breakdown of heteronorm New reproductive technologies Plastic sexuality & confluent love – pure relationship Life course analysis Feminists Nuclear = patriarchy/oppression of women Diversity = freedom Functionalist Nuclear = goodness of fit Isolated/self sufficient Neo –conventional families (Chester) New Right Nuclear is norm –cornerstone Self-reliant/cares for self/not welfare Support moral values and decency Role models/moral development of kids Stability and security for children Diversity = problems, ie) welfarism, laziness, educational failure, crime

Arguments for and against diversity Arguments against Postmodernist/Feminist There is no ‘proper’ family. Family is about choice and what those involved choose to define as being a family. The family is socially constructed by its members. Diversity is desirable as it enables people to choose what is best to suit their needs. It enables women to be free from the traditional patriarchal family. New Right/Functionalist There is one ‘best’ family for society. This normal family is the traditional patriarchal nuclear family. It is natural – based on biological differences. The roles in this family are fixed and the nuclear family enables men and women to fulfil these effectively. Other types of family cannot perform their functions as well – they are unnatural and dysfunctional.

Postmodernists and the family General points Detraditionalisation Rise of individualism and choice Less structure/more instability Self as a project – change direction Giddens Rise of romantic love in 18th century = the traditional family born Plastic sexuality now = sex, marriage and reproduction separated Confluent love – no duty to stay together Self-discovery/experimentation Pure relationships now exist Beck Individualisation today No clear rules on family life – work out individual versions – fluid/unstable Uncertainty and conflict Stacey No set structure/fluidity Extended kinship families Constant negotiation Women in control of choices Weeks Sexual morality has changed – tolerance Less stigma around homosexuality Chosen families Decline of heteronorm (Roseneill) Other stuff Life course analysis – different life events and how people make sense of them (Hareven/ Holdsworth) Family practices – Morgan Families plural – Cheal – fragmented/fragile Evaluation points Very small samples used Exaggerate fluidity/uncertainty and flexibility (nuclear still norm)

Family Revision 1 Social Policies

Social Policies Support Nuc. Sociology stuff Weaken Nuc. Policies Raise school leaving age Sell of council houses. Increase welfare benefits. Married couples tax Divorce laws Recognise ‘civil partnerships’ Increasing maternity leave Surestart children centres Child Support Agency Extended nursery places Theories Welfare dependency Stability and discipline Escape patriarchy Escape domestic violence Overcowding Child poverty Gender regimes

Family Revision 1 Causes of Divorce

Divorce- diamond 9 People have high expectations of marriage Easier to get divorce (change in law) Changing attitudes (less stigma) Women’s careers and expectations Opportunities to escape marriage Decline of religion Conflict in relationships increasing Financial stress Confluent love increased What do Feminists and the New Right think about these issues?

Family Revision 1 Effects of Divorce

Effects of Divorce On children On Society On adults New Right Lack of role model Discipline Child poverty Poor housing Behaviour problems Educational underachievement Teen pregnancy Instability – moving house Feminists Better to have quality parenting ‘one loving parent’ Single parents = welfare dependency Rising crime Women are free from unhealthy relationships Men lose home Men struggle to survive financially Both adults affected by financial costs of divorce Losing contact with wider family members/ friends Loneliness Affect self esteem/ sense of being a failure/ guilt

Marriage and Cohabitation Family Revision 1 Marriage and Cohabitation

Marriage and Cohabitation Caused fewer marriages Sociology Stuff Changing attitudes Secularisation Less stigma Changes in position of women Fear of divorce Increase in cohabitation Cost of weddings Role models in media