Global 9 Mid-Term Review The BIG Picture

The Basics Every civilization has a distinctive way they live called their CULTURE Every civilization tends to believe their own is superior, called ETHNOCENTRISM Any civilization that has contact with others is changed by that contact, called CULTURAL DIFFUSION Every civilization has some form of GOVERNMENT to keep order and ECONOMY to determine how resources are used Every civilization is affected by its surroundings and climate, called GEOGRAPHY, and develops strategies to deal with them

World Religions every religion is either monotheistic or polytheistic without a god, a “religion” is really a philosophy or belief system there are 5 major world religions: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism there are 2 major world philosophies: Confucianism & Daoism Animism is a collective term used to refer to local religions like Shintoism, which focus on nature spirits & ancestor spirits

Human Beginnings current scientific theory indicated that humans first existed in AFRICA in the GREAT RIFT VALLEY they gradually MIGRATED throughout the rest of the world homo sapiens sapiens thrived while Neanderthals declined early humans were NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS when the first humans learned to farm & domesticate animals they settled down and formed villages, called the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION food surplus allowed JOB SPECIALIZATION and the rise of the first River Valley Civilizations

River Valley Civilizations RIVERS provide SHIFT: spread of culture, household use, irrigation, food & flooding, trade & transportation the formation of the first CITIES is called URBANIZATION cities have sharp differences in SOCIAL CLASS based on birth and occupation kings are believed to be living gods or chosen by the gods like the pharaoh or the Chinese emperor each civilization is famous for achievements: their architecture, law codes, writing systems, art work

Classical Civilizations – Near East first millennium BC Hebrews, Phoenicians, Persians Babylonian Captivity, Temple, Jerusalem Mediterranean sea trade, purple dye, alphabet, colonies largest empire, religious toleration, Zoroastrianism

Classical Civilizations - India 4 th century BC & 4 th century AD Maurya unification Ashoka: Buddhism, pillar edicts, religious toleration, missionaries Gupta Golden Age of art, science, math-Arabic numerals, relative peace, Silk Road trade; rigid caste system

Classical Civilizations - Greeks 5 th century BC highpoint impact of geography: fishing, sea trade, Black & Mediterranean sea colonization, no unity first democracy in Athens (limited); public service mentality militarism in Spartan oligarchy war with Persians; war with each other Alexander the Great – conquest of the Middle-East as far as India; Hellenization

Classical Civilizations - China 220. BC to 200 AD Han Dynasty Golden Age Confucianism social system: 5 relationships; filial piety; ancestor worship; exam system Dynastic Cycle & Mandate of Heaven Middle Kingdom – ethnocentrism Silk Road trade discovered

Classical Civilizations - Rome c. BC = republic; c. AD = empire republic – Mediterranean & Europe conquest, Twelve Tables, semi-representative government; Latin empire – powerful central government under emperor; Romanization; engineering and architecture achievements lasting influence in language, law, politics, architecture, engineering, government structure

Medieval/Golden Age Civilizations - Byzantines c AD Justinian – attempted West reconquest, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Justinian’s Code Constantinople – crossroads of East & West; wealth, art, preservation of Roman & Greek literature influence on Russia & Eastern Europe – religion, government & Cyrillic

Medieval/Golden Age Civilizations – Tang/Song China + Islamic Empires c. 8 th c. AD Tang & Song Golden Age – trade, cultural diffusion, Silk Road, silk & porcelain, decline status of women Islamic Golden Age in mid-East, N. Africa, Spain advances in math, science, and medicine religion spread through trade to Africa & Asia

Geography Review – River & Classical Civs. BenefitsBenefits BarriersBarriers SHIFT