Amending the Constitution

*1791

» 11 (1798) – Protects states from being sued by citizens ˃Overturned Supreme Court case - Chisolm vs. Georgia » 12 (1804) – Revised the electoral college to vote separately for President and Vice-President ˃Election of 1800 – Jefferson and Burr » 13 (1865) – Abolished Slavery ˃Civil War/Reconstruction » 14 (1868) – Defined citizenship specifically to prevent denial based upon race or color factors ˃Civil War/Reconstruction – also, overturned Dred Scott case » 15 (1870) – Protected citizens’ right to vote regardless of race ˃Civil War/Reconstruction

» 16 (1913) – Established legality of Income Tax ˃Overturned Supreme Court case - Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. » 17 (1913) – Provided for direct election of Senators by popular vote of the people ˃Corruption within state legislatures when appointing senators » 18 (1919) – Prohibition of alcoholic beverages ˃Cultural Movement » 19 (1920) – Women’s suffrage ˃Cultural Movement – Women’s roles in society had been changing for decades » 20 (1933) – Reduced time between elections and inaugurations ˃Limit Lame Duck politicians – Also, no longer needed as much time to travel » 21 (1933) – Repeal of 18 th Amendment (Prohibition) ˃Prohibition wasn’t effective

» 22 (1951) – President limited to two terms ˃FDR had four terms » 23 (1961) – Included District of Columbia in Electoral College ˃Part of Civil Rights Movement – much of D.C. was black » 24 (1964) – Abolished poll taxes ˃Part of Civil Rights Movement » 25 (1967) – Set presidential succession in stone ˃JFK assassination » 26 (1971) – Voting age lowered to 18 ˃Vietnam War – draft age was 18 » 27 (1992) – Congressional pay raises do not go into effect until after next election ˃Response to several pay raises - Proposed in 1789 by James Madison