Lecture 5 Computer Hardware and Architecture stability of basic computing model over time and the evolution of computer systems. the input-process-output.

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Lecture 5 Computer Hardware and Architecture stability of basic computing model over time and the evolution of computer systems. the input-process-output model of computing. the basic components of a computer system. the major categories of computer and computer architecture. Reading: Englander chaps. 1 and 6. /

Architecture Rules concerning design, standards and protocols of: –Data –Hardware –Software –Communications = architecture

Manchester University Mark 1, 1948

The fetch-execute cycle

PC architecture

Components –Input devices - keyboard, webcam... –Primary storage - RAM, ROM... –Secondary storage - discs, CD, tape... –CPU - ALU + control unit + registers –Output devices - Printers, monitors...

4 milestones in business computer architecture history –1964- IBM S/360 (mainframe) »centralised business computing –1970- DEC PDP-11 (minicomputer/midrange) »decentralised and departmental systems –1974- Cray 1 (supercomputer) »scientific computing –1981- IBM PC (microcomputer/PC) »desktop computing

Mainframes Centralised Costly - £xxM Require custom built environment Specialised staff Support batch processing environment (schedulers) Support large databases Support 1000s of terminals e.g. IBM S/390

Minicomputers (or midrange) Decentralised or distributed (networked) Broad range of costs from £10K-£1M Departmental systems “Turnkey” systems Transaction processors (interrupt handlers) File servers for Local Area Networks eServers for Electronic Commerce e.g. IBM AS/400

Microcomputers (or PCs) Desktop computing Single user, single tasking Linked by Local Area Networks Inexpensive for the individual, £1,000. Expensive for the corporation! (Initial cost and support!) e.g. Compaq, Dell, Apple, IBM

Current Trends Mobility Ubiquity Embedding

Summary  Computer architectures = data+hw+sw+comms.  The block diagram for the PC is a good basis for understanding all standard computer architectures.  Understand the evolution, rather than revolution, of architectures from S/360 to Servers to PCs to ….  Be able to describe the main categories of architecture: Mainframe, midrange and PC.

Tutorial and Labs Review the operation of the Little Man in the Computer (Englander, chap. 6) Discuss the differences of the 3 main computer architectures: a)Mainframe b)Midrange c)PC Review the instruction or fetch-execute cycle

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