Atoms, Bonding, Inorganic Molecules, Water, pH and Macromolecules

Atoms The building block of matter that makes up- well everything Made of three parts: Proton- positive charge, in center nucleus Neutron- no charge, in nucleus Electron- negative charge- orbit the nucleus in levels

Element an atom with a specific number of protons and unique properties

Periodic Table of Elements 90 naturally found and 25 man made

Sodium Symbol: Na Protons: 11 Properties: soft, silvery, white metal, very reactive, highly soluble (dissolve) in water

Chlorine Symbol: Cl Protons: 17 Properties: poisonous, smelly yellow- green gas, dissolves in water, not flammable

Atoms bond together to make a molecule with new, unique traits.

Covalent Bond Electrons are shared between 2 atoms

Ionic Bond One atom gives electron to another atom becoming positively charged Other atom accepts the electron becoming negatively charged + and - attract

NaCl Sodium and chlorine bond ionically and form table salt with new properties

Polar Molecule Molecule with uneven sharing of electrons causing areas of positive and negative charge Water is a polar molecule This makes it able to form hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen bonds covalently with a larger atom Electron goes around both atoms but is with the larger atom more Larger atom gains a slight negative charge Hydrogen atom gains a light positive charge Positive and negative regions of polar molecules are attracted to each other

Organic Molecules have Carbon Inorganic Molecules do not have Carbon

Carbon is VERY important It is able to make many single, double, triple and quadruple covalent bonds with other elements All living things are made with carbon based molecules

Water is an inorganic molecule

Water H 2 O 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen bonded covalently

Properties of Water

Three States of Matter Solid- ice, Liquid- water, Gas- vapor

Cohesion Attraction of water to itself allows for surface tension

Adhesion Water attracted to other things allows for a meniscus

Universal Solvent Able to dissolve many different types of chemicals

Less Dense as a Solid Molecules spread out as a solid while they are closer together as a liquid

High Specific Heat Large amount of energy is needed to change the temperature of water- increase and decrease water temperature

pH means percent Hydrogen Water splits into H+ (Hydrogen ion) and OH- (Hydroxide)

pH Scale ranges from 0 to 14

Acid 0 (strongest)-6.5 (weakest) 0 has the highest concentration of H+ (hydrogen ion) but the lowest of OH- (hydroxide)

Neutral Nearly no H+ (hydrogen ion) or OH- (hydroxide)

Basic/Alkaline 7.5 (weakest) to 14 (strongest) 14 has the lowest concentration of H+ (hydrogen ion) but the highest of OH- (hydroxide)

Important nutrients include: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins, as well as minerals and vitamins Nutrients are necessary to maintain your health as they allow for growth and cell function

When talking about nutrition energy is measured by kilocalories (kcal). A kilocalorie is the measure of how much energy is needed to raise I gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. 1 kilocalorie =1 Calorie =1,000 calories

Macromolecules Another name is a polymer Made of many repeating units called monomers

Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharide ex) glucose, deoxyribose, ribose, fructose Polymer: polysaccharide ex) starch, glycogen, cellulose

How Carbohydrates are Absorbed Carbohydrates must be broken down into monosaccharides in order to be used by the body as only monosaccharides may pass into the blood stream They provide 4 kcal per gram.

Function of Carbohydrates in the Cell Short-term energy that will be used hours Cell communication and recognition- glycolipids and glycoproteins serve as antigens

Lipids All substances that are not able to be dissolved in water Called hydrophobic- hydro- means water and -phobic means to repel No monomer Polymers: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroid Hormones, Triglycerides, Phospholipid

How are Lipids Absorbed by the Body Lipids must be hydrolyzed, broken down, into smaller components to be absorbed by the blood or lymph system. Lipids provide 7 kcal of energy per gram

Functions of Lipids Long-term energy storage Insulation Protection of organs Water proofing Communication- hormones Make the cell membrane- phospholipids Add flexibility to membranes

Proteins Monomer: amino acid (20 types) Polymer: polypeptide Proteins provide 4 kcal per gram and are a great source of nitrogen

Protein Structures

Functions of Proteins Energy Structure (muscle) Transport (cell membrane integral and peripheral proteins) Communication (non steroid hormones) Speed up reactions (enzymes)

Enzymes are complex proteins that are a catalyst- they speed up reactions

Benefits of Enzymes substrate specific- each enzyme will only fit with one substrate. reusable unchanged by a reaction make reactions such as digestion happen faster then it would if there was no enzyme- supports life

Lock and Key The enzyme has an area called the active site. The active site has a shape. A substrate with the same shape can fit in the active site. A reaction happens faster the it could have without the enzyme. Products of the reaction are released.

But there are things that can change how well an enzyme works called inhibitors

These denature the enzyme or make it unfold, changed shape.

Environmental Inhibitors Temperature, Ionic Concentration, pH

Competitive Inhibitors Something that is not the correct substrate goes into the active site and blocks the substrate from entering.

Noncompetitive Inhibitors Substance binds to an area of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site. Now the substrate will not fit.

Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Function of Nucleic Acids DNA carries all the genetic information of an organism RNA is a copy of the DNA that can be used by the cell

Vitamins Organic molecules that assist in regulating the body but do not provide energy Soluble in fat or water

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Dissolve in fats and oils Stored in the body Include vitamins K, A, D and E

Water-Soluble Vitamins Remain dissolved in water Excess are filtered out by the kidneys and are not stored by the body Include vitamin C and B

Minerals Inorganic molecules required for body processes Fluid regulation, bone composition, muscle movement and nerve response We need 100 mg per day of major minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, chloride) We need less than 100 mg of trace minerals (iron, zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride)