Behavior – the way an organism reacts to change Stimulus – change in the organisms environment (can be inside or outside the organism’s body) Response – reaction to the change Usually involves multiple body systems interacting and working together

Innate – behaviors an organism is born with Ex: a spider weaving a web Learned – behaviors acquired due to an organism’s experiences (not born with these behaviors)

Habituation Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Insight Learning DO NOT WRITE THIS SLIDE IN YOUR NOTES!!!

Habituation – response is slowed or stopped due to being exposed to the stimulus a number of times Simplest form of learning Ex: Ragworms will retreat to their burrows when a shadow passes over them. They will eventually stop retreating to their burrows when shadows continually pass over them.

Classical Conditioning – mental connection is made between a stimulus and an event Ex: Pavlov’s dog Every time Pavlov fed his dog he would ring a bell. Eventually the dog would salivate every time it heard the bell (even if food was not present).

Operant Conditioning – behavior is learned through rewards and punishments Ex: Training a dog Most dogs are trained by giving it a reward (treat, toy, affection) when it does the desired behavior (sit, stay, etc.). Dog will not receive the reward if it does not do the behavior.

Insight Learning – applies prior knowledge to a new situation Most complex form of learning Performed mostly by humans Ex: Chimpanzee experiment Bananas were placed out of reach for a chimp. The chimp stacked boxes on top of one another to climb up and reach the bananas.

Imprinting Newborn ducks have an innate behavior to follow the first object they see (usually their parent) They do not know what the object will look like when they are born They must learn which object(s) to follow and not to follow

Many animals respond to periodic changes in their environment (daily or seasonal cycles of behavior) Ex: dormancy/hibernation, migration, circadian rhythm (daily pattern)

Behaviors help animals to reproduce Ex: courtship – behavior that helps animals choose the healthiest mate

Social Behavior – how animals interact with their own species Some behaviors protect territories Ex: aggression, competition

Communication Use of visual signs Ex: movement, color Pheromones – chemicals emitted that affects an animal’s behavior Ex: animals “marking” their territory Vocal communication Ex: birds chirping, humans speaking Language – combines sounds, signals, and gestures Most complex form of communication Known to be only used by humans