1. Animal behavior
Brainpop-Behavior

2. Behavior
A behavior is anything an organism does in response to a stimulus in its environment.
Brainpop- Behavior

3. Behavior
A stimulus is any kind of signal (chemical or physical) that can be detected by an organism; a response is the organism’s reaction to the stimulus.
Ex . Lowered blood sugar causes a release in insulin which triggers a feeling of hunger.

4. Fill It In …
Give any example of a stimulus and a response:

5. Behavior Behaviors have evolved as a result of natural selection.
A behavior that is beneficial to an organism has adaptive value - it allows the organism to survive and reproduce better than those organisms that do NOT display this behavior

6. Behavior
These behaviors may be directed by genes (DNA) and can therefore be inherited by organisms from their parents.

7. Behavior
Most behaviors occur as a result of inherited genes AND environmental influences

8. Fill It In … Don’t forget!
Behaviors occurring as a result of genes and the environment illustrate the concept of ___________ vs. ______________

9. Two Main Types of Behavior
Innate behaviors are inborn (genetically programmed), so the organism is born already “knowing” the behavior.

10. Two Main Types of Behavior
Learned behaviors are aquired during an organism’s life and may change with practice and experience.

11. Check Yourself! What is a behavior?
What are the two main types of behaviors?
What is adaptive value?
Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response:
The skin itches and the dog scratches.
Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon.

12. Check Yourself!
What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
What are the two main types of behaviors?
What is adaptive value?
Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response:
The skin itches and the dog scratches.
Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon.

13. Check Yourself!
What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED
What is adaptive value?
Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response:
The skin itches and the dog scratches.
Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon.

14. Check Yourself!
What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED
What is adaptive value? ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE BETTER
Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response:
The skin itches and the dog scratches.
Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon.

15. Check Yourself!
What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED
What is adaptive value? ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE BETTER
Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response:
The skin itches and the dog scratches.
Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon.

16. Check Yourself!
What is a behavior? ANYTHING AN ORGANISM DOES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
What are the two main types of behaviors? INNATE & LEARNED
What is adaptive value? ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE BETTER
Circle the stimulus and put a square around the response:
The skin itches and the dog scratches.
Chimpanzees bare their teeth at the approach of a baboon.

17. Innate behaviors Simple innate behaviors:
Automatic - quick, unconscious reactions
Ex. Reflexes such as blinking

18. Innate behaviors Simple innate behaviors:
Fight-or-Flight response - the body prepares for action in response to stress or fear
Ex. Increased heart rate and respiration rate when in a car accident

19. Innate behaviors
More complex innate behaviors (and urges) are often referred to as INSTINCTS.
Simple instincts include “suckling”, allowing animals to be able to feed right after birth.
Other instincts are more complex; these behaviors may be classified as one of the following:

20. Innate behaviors
Courtship behavior - pre-mating behavior designed to help an organism recognize and pick the “best” mate
Ex. Fireflies flash lights
The Mating Dance

21. Innate behaviors
Territoriality - defending physical space against other animals; reduces competition for scarce resources
Ex. A cat scent-marks its territory to warn others

22. Innate behaviors
Aggression - a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
Ex. Lions show their fangs and snap at other lions

23. Innate behaviors
Dominance Hierarchy - a social ranking within a group that establishes dominant and submissive members
Ex. A puppy rolls over and exposes its belly to adult dogs

24. Innate behaviors Orientation behaviors Animals display TAXIS behaviors
Movement toward or away from a stimulus
Phototaxis - movement in response to light
Ex. Moths are attacted to light (positive)

25. Innate behaviors Chemotaxis - movement in response to chemicals
Ex. Insects are attracted to chemical signals from other insects (positive)

26. Fill It In …
Innate behavior summary:
Simple a. b.
Instincts c. d. e.

27. Innate behaviors Behavioral Cycles (Biological “Clock”)
Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior; these cycles allow for survival during periods when food or other resources may not be available.

28. Innate behaviors Circadian rhythms are daily cycles of behavior
Ex. Sleeping and waking
Based on 24-hours z z z z

29. Innate behaviors Seasonal rhythms occur at certain times of the year
Migration - movement from one place to another and then back again in response to environmental stimuli

30. Innate behaviors
Hibernation - a decrease in metabolism in response to colder temperatures

31. Innate behaviors
Estivation - a decrease in metabolism in response to warmer temperatures

32. Fill It In …
Give 4 examples of “biological clocks”: 1. 2. 3. 4.

33. Make a chart of Innate behaviors!
Behavior (INSTINCT)
DESCRIBE an example
(different from notes!)
Courtship
Territoriality
Aggression
Dominance Hierarchy
Orientation / Taxis
Circadian Rhythm
Migration
Hibernation
Estivation

34. Learned behaviors
Learned behaviors are present mostly in animals with a more highly developed nervous system.
Learning requires motivation - an internal need that causes an animal to act (i.e. hunger)

35. Types of learning:
Habituation - occurs when an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus with no punishment or reward; eventually the animal stops responding
Ex. You are able to sleep through the night even though you live close to the train tracks.

36. Types of learning:
Classical conditioning - occurs when an animal makes a connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment; also called “learning by association”
Ex. Pavlov’s dogs

37. Types of learning: Pavlov showed the dogs food. The dogs salivated.
Pavlov started to ring a bell every time he fed the dogs.
Eventually, the dogs would salivate whenever they heard the bell - even when food was not present.
Brainpop- Conditioning

39. Types of learning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OynlzqtxmY
Operant conditioning - occurs when an animal learns to behave a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment; also called “trial-and-error”
Ex. A mouse learns how to get through a maze in order to get the food at the end

40. Types of learning:
Insight learning/Reasoning - the most complicated form of learning that occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation.
Ex. A pianist is able to play a new piece of music by “ear”

41. Fill It In …
Types of learned behaviors: 1. 2. 3. 4.

42. Check Yourself! What is motivation?
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Who was Ivan Pavlov?

43. Combining Innate and Learned Behaviors - most behaviors result from a combination of innate and learned behaviors.

44. Social behaviors
Social behaviors - often combine learned and innate behaviors
Whenever animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behaviors.

45. Social behaviors
Some animals may form societies - a group of related animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate with one another.
Membership in a society may offer great survival advantages.
Ex. Zebras heard when grazing to confuse predators.

46. Social behaviors
Social behaviors include courtship, territoriality, dominance hierarchy, and communication.

47. Social behaviors
Imprinting involves very young animals recognizing and following the first moving object they see - the urge to follow is innate but must learn from experience what object to follow
Ex. Ducklings imprint on their mother

48. Social behaviors
Communication involves the passing of information from one organism to another.
Innate forms of communication may involve sound (a whale’s song), sight (baring teeth), touch (chimp grooming), or chemicals (insects release pheromones)

49. courtship- birds
Social behaviors
The most complex form of communication is language - the use of symbols to represent ideas; requires a complex nervous system, memory, and insight.

50. Fill It In …
Phermones are …
Example:

51. Fill It In …
Examples of social behaviors (indicate if innate or learned): 1. 2. 3. 4.

52. Check Yourself! What is a society?
Name an animal that is likely to imprint on the first moving object it sees.
How are pheromones a means of communication?
What is the most complex form of communication?