Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedStrangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Although Native Americans lived on this continent in rich cultures before eurpean settlers arrived, this latter group established the foundation for the dominant U.S. culture as a White Anglo- Saxon Protestant one.

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Colonial Period Members of each ethnic group came to the new world for economic, political, or religious reasons, or sometimes for the adventure of beginning a new life in a new land. However, religious intolerance created a rather fragmented social framework and social distance in the colonial period (see page 97).

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Early National Period Common language and common history may have helped in the fruition of a “Civic Culture” The lack of unified religion helped create an environment of tolerance in politics and culture. A new common culture had been forged by 1820, when new waves of non-protestant immigrants began to arrive in the country Xenophobia

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Pre-Civil War Period The 1820 census listed approximately 9.6 million 20 percent black The remainder White Europeans Between 1820 and 1860 more than 5 million arrived Structural Conditions Poverty and inequality Scapegoating Xenophobia and nativism

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE ENGLISH The English were the first white ethnic group to establish permanent settlements in the New World Not all immigrants desired to be fully assimilated to their new country

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE ENGLISH English immigrants’ greatest impact on U.S. culture occurred during the colonial period Second generation British Americans had no problem identifying the U.S. as their country

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE DUTCH Dutch immigration peaked during and During the colonial period there were few “push” factors to leave Holland

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE DUTCH Although the Dutch arrived at the same time as other groups who faced antagonism, they did not Dutch culture and influence persisted for many generations as the Dutch were self- sufficient and had high social standing

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE FRENCH French Americans fall into three population segments: migrants from France, migrants from French Canada, and French Louisianans

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE FRENCH The French subculture in southern Louisiana suggests ethnic homogeneity to the outsider, but its communities include two subgroups: the Creoles and the Acadians (or Cajuns) Creoles are people of color—a blend of French and African American, Native American, Jamaican American, or other ethnic groups of color Cajuns are a blend of French and German, Italian, Polish, or other white ethnic groups

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE GERMANS Today about 58 million people (1 in 4 in the U.S.) can trace at least some of their forebears to Germany In the 18th century German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania and other mid- Atlantic states

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE GERMANS In the 19th century, German immigrants migrated to the Midwest A diverse group in their religion, occupation, and residence patterns, German Americans came under increasing criticism

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE IRISH After 1820, emigration to the U.S. became increasingly essential to the Irish Catholics, whose oppression under British rule prevented their becoming successful Failure of the potato crop in successive years and the resulting famine during the late 1840s accelerated the exodus

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE SCOTS The first wave of Scottish migration occurred during the colonial period The Scottish Americans played a prominent role during the formative years of the new nation Like many other communities, they also sought to preserve their culture and to duplicate their way of life from the old country Nonetheless, they were easily assimilated almost from the outset

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIAL REALITIES FOR WOMEN Social class and ethnic background were important variables in determining women’s place in the social order in the 19th century

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIAL REALITIES FOR WOMEN The loss of husbands through accident, desertion, or sickness left many women without a means to support large families Among working-class, and rural families, women continued working at many tasks mercantile and upper class women did not

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPEAN ASSIMILATION At first, cultural and religious differences kept the groups socially segregated for the most part, but eventually, those with greater similarities coalesced into what became the mainstream group