Understanding drugs & medicines

Chapter 9.1 Key Terms _______________ _______________- any substance that causes a change in a person’s physical or psychological state Medicine- any used to ____________________ Medicine- any drug used to ____________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Side effect- Side effect- an effect that is caused by a drug & that is different from the drug’s intended effect ________________________- written order from a doctor for a specific medicine ________________________- written order from a doctor for a specific medicine Over the counter medicine- Over the counter medicine- ______________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

3 qualities of a medicine ______________________ ______________________ Safety- Safety- when used as directed _______________________ _______________________

Drugs of Abuse Drugs that people take for ________________ Drugs that people take for ________________ ____________________ ____________________ Ex. – ______________, Ex. – ______________, ___________________, marijuana ___________________, marijuana

Types of medicines Antibiotic- Antibiotic- ___________________________ ______________________- ______________________- increases alertness; helps people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to focus their attention Anti-anxiety- Anti-anxiety- helps people who are excessively __________________________ to calm down ____________________- ____________________- Prevents infections in people exposed to the infectious agent ____________________- ____________________- causes sleepiness

6 ways drugs enter the body Implanted pumps- Implanted pumps- surgically implanted pumps that inject drugs into specific part of the body Inhalation- Inhalation- inhaled into the lungs _______________________- _______________________- needle ___________________________- ___________________________- patches placed on skin Ingestion- Ingestion- swallowed ____________________________- ____________________________- lotions absorbed through the skin

Chapter 9.2 Key Terms Psychoactive- Psychoactive- a drug or medicine that affects the ___________________& changes how a person perceives, thinks, or feels ___________________________- ___________________________- medicine made by a company other that the company that developed the original medicine ____________________________- ____________________________- chemical component that gives a medicine its action ____________________________- ____________________________- when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement such that the effect of one of the substances is greater or smaller

Testing a drug Laboratory tests- Laboratory tests- chemical tests or tests on cell cultures ________________________ ________________________ Human volunteers Human volunteers ________________________ ________________________ (FDA) Food & Drug Administration- approval or rejection (FDA) Food & Drug Administration- approval or rejection

Information on a prescription ________________ ________________ (how much of the medicine should be taken) When you should take the medicine When you should take the medicine ___________________ ___________________ _____________________ _____________________ Length of time you should take the medicine Length of time you should take the medicine

Misuse v/s Abuse of Prescription Medicines Misuse- using a prescription medication that does not _________ Misuse- using a prescription medication that does not _________ ____________________ ____________________ May not have the same illness May not have the same illness Strength of medicine may be __________________ Strength of medicine may be __________________ _____________________ _____________________ Abuse- taking medicine when it is not needed, taking too much medicine, or mixing more than one kind of medicine

Choosing an Over the counter (OTC) medicine Decide what kind of OTC will work for you Decide what kind of OTC will work for you Decide whether you want _________________ Decide whether you want _________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

Possible problems with medicines ___________________ ___________________ Anaphylactic shock Anaphylactic shock __________________ __________________ Aspirin, ibuprofen- damage to the lining of the stomach (ulcers) Aspirin, ibuprofen- damage to the lining of the stomach (ulcers) ___________________ ___________________

Anaphylactic Shock symptoms ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Swelling, especially in the ___________________ Swelling, especially in the ___________________ Wheezing or difficulty in breathing Wheezing or difficulty in breathing A pounding heart A pounding heart Fainting & unconsciousness Fainting & unconsciousness

Chapter 9.3 Key Terms __________________________- condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use __________________________- condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use _____________________________- condition in which a user needs more of a drug to feel the same effect felt when first using the drug _____________________________- condition in which a user needs more of a drug to feel the same effect felt when first using the drug Physical Dependence- state in which the ________________ relies on a given drug in order to function Physical Dependence- state in which the ________________ relies on a given drug in order to function Psychological Dependence- state of ____________________ Psychological Dependence- state of ____________________ ______________________ needing a drug in order to function ______________________ needing a drug in order to function Withdrawal- uncomfortable physical & psychological symptoms produced when a physically dependent drug user stops using drugs Withdrawal- uncomfortable physical & psychological symptoms produced when a physically dependent drug user stops using drugs

Drugs & the brain Neurons- brain is made up of _____________ Neurons- brain is made up of _____________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________- connections between neurons _________________- connections between neurons Drugs can change the way neurons communicate with each other Drugs can change the way neurons communicate with each other

Brain Reward System Reinforces healthy behaviors Reinforces healthy behaviors Releases the neurotransmitter ___________________ Releases the neurotransmitter ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

Behavioral warning signs of addiction ___________________________ ___________________________ Change of appearance Change of appearance Change of friends Change of friends Unexplained mood swings Unexplained mood swings _____________________________ _____________________________ Dramatic change in eating habits Dramatic change in eating habits Excessive lying Excessive lying _____________________________ _____________________________

Stages of Drug Addiction Drug use- drug use activates the brain reward system (pleasure system) Drug use- drug use activates the brain reward system (pleasure system) _________________________- needs more of the drug to produce the same effect _________________________- needs more of the drug to produce the same effect ________________________ - experiences uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms if he or she tries to stop using the drug ________________________ - experiences uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms if he or she tries to stop using the drug ________________________- lost control of his or her drug taking habit ________________________- lost control of his or her drug taking habit

Illegal drugs

Chapter 12.1 Key Terms Drug Abuse- intentional improper or unsafe use of a drug Drug Abuse- intentional improper or unsafe use of a drug Overdose- the taking of too much of a drug which causes sickness, loss of consciousness, permanent damage, or even death Overdose- the taking of too much of a drug which causes sickness, loss of consciousness, permanent damage, or even death

Reasons illegal drug use is very dangerous Permanent effects on the brain & body Permanent effects on the brain & body Become addicted Become addicted Factor in many suicides, motor vehicle accidents, & crimes Factor in many suicides, motor vehicle accidents, & crimes Sharing needles- risk of catching Hepatitis B & HIV Sharing needles- risk of catching Hepatitis B & HIV Overdose Overdose Risky sexual behavior (STDs) Risky sexual behavior (STDs)

Teen addiction Teens have a higher risk of addiction to drugs than adults do Teens have a higher risk of addiction to drugs than adults do Risk of addiction is higher because young brains are still developing- can alter brain development Risk of addiction is higher because young brains are still developing- can alter brain development

Chapter 12.2 Key Terms Marijuana- dried flowers and leaves fo the plant Cannabis sativa that are smoked or mixed in food & eaten for intoxicating effects Marijuana- dried flowers and leaves fo the plant Cannabis sativa that are smoked or mixed in food & eaten for intoxicating effects Inhalant- drug inhaled as a vapor Inhalant- drug inhaled as a vapor Club (Designer) drug- drug made to closely resemble a common illegal drug in chemical structure & effect Club (Designer) drug- drug made to closely resemble a common illegal drug in chemical structure & effect Anabolic Steroid- synthetic version of the male hormone testosterone that is used to promote muscle development Anabolic Steroid- synthetic version of the male hormone testosterone that is used to promote muscle development

3 things illegal drugs have in common Affect the function of the brain Affect the function of the brain Dangerous to your health Dangerous to your health Can result in drug dependence & addiction Can result in drug dependence & addiction

4 commonly abused illegal drugs Marijuana Marijuana Inhalants Inhalants Club drugs Club drugs Anabolic steroids Anabolic steroids

Marijuana © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Intoxicating effects Relaxation Loss of short-term memory Loss of balance & coordination Increased appetite Possible health consequences Respiratory infection Impaired learning & memory Panic attacks Cancer

Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug THC- active chemical in marijuana Contains many of the same carcinogens found in cigarette smoke After effects wear off users feel: -Tired, unmotivated, depressed Marijuana © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inhalants © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Effects Dizziness Nausea & vomiting Headache Health consequences Heart attack Liver, kidney damage Brain damage Coma Death Glue, paint thinner, propane, nitrous oxide

Club (Designer) drugs Ecstacy Ecstacy GHB GHB PCP (Angel Dust) PCP (Angel Dust)

Ecstacy Most commonly abused club drug Intoxication Effects Increased awareness of senses Mild hallucinations Increased energy Loss of judgment Health Consequences Impaired learning & memory Hypothermia (overheating) High blood pressure Heart attach Death

Look alike drugs Abused substances that are only slightly different from other, better- known drugs Abused substances that are only slightly different from other, better- known drugs

Date Rape Drugs GHB, Rohypnol Intoxication effects Relaxation Nausea Loss of inhibitions Euphoria Health consequences Dangerously slowed breathing Seizures Coma

Anabolic Steroids Male side effects Stunted Growth Aggression Severe acne Shrinking of testes Heart disease Female side effects Increased facial hair Deeper voice Rapid weight gain

12.3 Key Terms Stimulant- drug that temporarily increases a person’s energy & alertness Depressant- drug that causes relaxation & sleepiness Opiates- group of highly addictive drugs derived from the poppy plant that are used as pain relievers, anesthetics, & sedatives Hallucinogens- drug that distorts perceptions, causing the user to see or hear things that are not real

Cocaine, crack cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamines Stimulants Types © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Produce increased heart rate/ breathing rate/ energy/ alertness, elevated blood pressure, loss of appetite, and increased mental activity, euphoria, hyperactivity, restlessness, anxiety Stimulants Intoxication effects © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Used illegally to produce intoxication, to counter the effects of other drugs,... Depressants © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Depressants 1) Rohypnol, 2) DXM © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 1) Date rape drug 2) Ingredient in cough medicines

Depressants Intoxicating effects Euphoria Euphoria Reduced anxiety Reduced anxiety Loss of inhibitions Loss of inhibitions Drowsiness Drowsiness

Street use of these drugs is intended to induce pleasure… Narcotics Opiates © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine Types of Opiates Narcotics types © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

…euphoria, relaxation, drowsiness, pain relief, general feelings of well- being Opiates Intoxicating effects Narcotics © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Street use is intended to produce “mind expansion,” hallucinations, and psychedelic experiences Hallucinogens

LSD Mushrooms Hallucinogens © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hallucinogens Intoxication Effects Sensory illusions Distortions of reality Dizziness Weakness Enhanced emotions Feelings of being outside of the body

Flashback Person may feel the effects of a hallucinogen long after the drug has worn off Person may feel the effects of a hallucinogen long after the drug has worn off Days, weeks, or even months after use Days, weeks, or even months after use

Drugs that often lead to abuse of other drugs Common gateway drugs: - Alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants Gateway drugs

Chapter 12.4 Key Terms Neonatal abstinence syndrome- drug withdrawal that occurs in newborn infants whose mothers were frequent drug users during pregnancy Neonatal abstinence syndrome- drug withdrawal that occurs in newborn infants whose mothers were frequent drug users during pregnancy Recovering- process of learning to live without drugs Recovering- process of learning to live without drugs Intervention- confronting a drug user about his or her drug abuse problem to stop him or her from using drugs Intervention- confronting a drug user about his or her drug abuse problem to stop him or her from using drugs Relapse- return to using drugs while trying to recover from drug addiction Relapse- return to using drugs while trying to recover from drug addiction