The Atmosphere 15 CHAPTER Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

Charging Toward Cleaner Air in London More than 4000 people in London died during a “killer smog” event in 1952. In 2003, London started charging a fee to people who drove into the city during the week. Since the program began, traffic congestion in London has decreased by 30%, but there is not a lot of evidence that air quality has improved. Talk About It What are the pros and cons of a congestion-charging program?

Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere The air we breathe and all the weather we see is contained in the lowest 1% of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Properties of the Atmosphere Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Properties of the Atmosphere Composition: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases Temperature: Varies and location Pressure: In general, air pressure decreases with altitude; can be measured using a barometer. Barometer

Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Relative Humidity The ratio of water vapor in air to the maximum amount the same air could contain at the same temperature Is affected by temperature and location; in general, warm air holds more water. When air cools, water vapor may condense to liquid or to ice. Water vapor can only condense on surfaces, such as a petal or a dust particle. Hoarfrost on leaves

Layers of Atmosphere Troposphere: 0–11 km; movement of air, weather Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Did You Know? The stratosphere and mesosphere are cold, but the upper thermosphere can be hotter than 1500°C. Layers of Atmosphere Troposphere: 0–11 km; movement of air, weather Stratosphere: 11–50 km; ozone layer, absorbs and scatters UV rays Mesosphere: 50–80 km; meteoroids burn up Thermosphere: 80+ km; disturbances produce aurora borealis

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Radiation: The transfer of energy through space, such as heat from the sun to Earth’s atmosphere Conduction: The transfer of heat directly between two objects that are in contact Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of currents within a fluid (liquid or gas)

Convection Currents Warm air is less dense than cool air. Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Convection Currents Warm air is less dense than cool air. When air near the surface heats up, it rises; as it rises, it cools and then sinks. Rising and sinking fluids generate convection currents. Cause wind and heat to move through the atmosphere

Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Air Masses and Fronts Air masses: Large bodies of air with similar properties Fronts: Boundaries between air masses of different properties Warm front Boundary along which a mass of warmer, moister air pushes against a mass of cooler, drier air Can produce light precipitation Cold front Boundary along which a mass of cooler, drier air pushes against a mass of warmer, moister air Can produce heavy precipitation

Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere Air pollution is estimated to cause 2 million premature deaths worldwide every year.

Sources of Air Pollution Lesson 15.2 Biomes Sources of Air Pollution Natural processes: Windblown dust, particles in volcanic eruptions, smoke and soot from fire Human sources: Most come directly or indirectly from the burning of fossil fuels. Did You Know? Humans can increase the hazards of natural air pollution. For example, by removing trees, humans expose soil, which can dry out and add to huge dust storms when picked up by wind. Dust storm approaching a U.S. farm during the 1930s

Types of Air Pollutants Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere Types of Air Pollutants Primary air pollutants: Released directly into the atmosphere; example: soot Secondary air pollutants: Formed when primary pollutants react chemically with other substances; example: sulfuric acid

How Air Pollutants Affect Your Health Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere How Air Pollutants Affect Your Health Lung irritation and respiratory illnesses, such as asthma Carbon monoxide interferes with body’s ability to use oxygen. Trace amounts of some air pollutants, such as benzene or soot, may contribute to cancer.

Smog A mix of air pollutants that forms over cities Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere Smog A mix of air pollutants that forms over cities “Smog” is a combination of the words smoke and fog. Industrial smog (soot, sulfur, and water vapor) comes from industrial sources. Photochemical smog is mostly tropospheric ozone created when primary pollutants from vehicle exhaust react to sunlight.

Temperature Inversions Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere Temperature Inversions Did You Know? A thermal inversion caused London’s “killer smog.” Normally, air near Earth’s surface warms and rises, carrying pollutants with it. When a layer of warmer air sits over a layer of cooler air, it traps pollution near Earth’s surface.

Lesson 15.2 Pollution of the Atmosphere Acid Deposition Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form acids. Acid falls as particles or dissolves in precipitation, lowering the pH of rain and snow. Acid deposition harms forest and lakes and damages human structures. Did You Know? Rainwater is naturally acidic (pH 5.6), but acid precipitation in some parts of the U.S. has a pH as low as 4.

Lesson 15.3 Controlling Air Pollution Since the Clean Air Act was first enacted in 1963, emissions of the worst pollutants in the U.S. have decreased by 57%.

Lesson 15.3 Controlling Air Pollution The Clean Air Act First passed in 1963 to protect human and environmental health by improving air quality; has been revised several times Limits emissions of pollutants, sets standards for air quality, establishes a legal framework for suing industries that break the rules, and provides funding for pollution control

Major Accomplishments of the Clean Air Act Lesson 15.3 Controlling Air Pollution Major Accomplishments of the Clean Air Act Catalytic converters, present in all cars since 1975, have reduced vehicle emissions. Lead has been phased out of gasoline. Industries and power plants have reduced releases of pollutants by using scrubbers, which remove or alter chemicals before they leave factory smokestacks. Did You Know? The removal of lead from gasoline has led to a 99% reduction in lead emissions since 1973.

Lesson 15.3 Controlling Air Pollution The Ozone Hole Ozone is a pollutant in the troposphere, but in the stratosphere it creates a protective barrier against UV radiation. Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, which used to be found in everything from aerosol cans to refrigerators, have destroyed ozone, causing an “ozone hole” to form over Antarctica. An ozone hole allows more UV radiation to reach Earth’s surface, potentially increasing cases of skin cancer. Aerosol spray can

Recovery of the Ozone Layer Lesson 15.3 Controlling Air Pollution Recovery of the Ozone Layer The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty signed in 1987 that has cut CFC production by 95% since the 1980s. Ozone levels in the stratosphere have begun to stabilize, and the ozone hole will likely start to disappear. Ozone Hole 1979