Chapter 4.3 Types of Societies Societies across the world change based on environment, interaction, and time.

Groups A set of people who – interact on the basis of shared expectations – who possess some degree of common identity – Largest groups we study are societies.

Subsistence Strategies This is how sociologists tend to classify societies Subsistence strategies – The way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

Preindustrial Societies Food production is the highest priority – Carried out through the use of human and animal labor – Groups of preindustrial societies Hunting and gathering Pastoral Horticultural Agricultural

Hunting and Gathering Societies Collect food daily by – Hunting wild animals – Collecting wild fruit and vegetables Everyone hunts and gathers Constantly move in search of food – Usually live in temporary housing Huts tepees

Pastoral Societies Rely on domesticated herd animals for food Sheep Cattle Lamb Less people needed to work for food in society – Division of labor Some people become craftworkers, mothers, etc.

Horticultural Societies Grow food in farms Have high level of technology Use slash and burn tactics for crops – Wild vegetation is burned – Ash turns into compost for new farming. Large division of labor – Strictly because of surplus of food

Agricultural Societies Animals pull plows to till fields and farms – Technology allows farming to make large surplus of food Silos Tractors Plows Irrigation Bartering does not take place Use money Large division of labor

Industrial Societies Instead of focusing on food, they focus on production of goods! – How? Buy food from other people! Produce goods using machines! – Sell for much higher price. Causes urbanization – Concentration of population in urban areas

Postindustrial Societies Economy focuses on providing information and services. – In US, 73% of workforce do this. 2% work in agriculture 25% produce goods Place strong emphasis on science and technology Society is stable