1 Understanding Global Politics Lecture 4: Neo-Realism/ Structural Realism

2 Core assumptions Anarchy as the defining feature of the international political system. Anarchy as the defining feature of the international political system. Structure of the system as a major determinant of state behavior (hence structural realism). Structure of the system as a major determinant of state behavior (hence structural realism). States as rational actors. States as rational actors. States as self-interest oriented actors. States as self-interest oriented actors. National survival as the most critical problem in the anarchic international system. National survival as the most critical problem in the anarchic international system.

3 Kenneth Waltz A Theory of International Politics (1979) Identified problems in classical realism. Identified problems in classical realism. Main problem = state- centric. Main problem = state- centric. Theory should tell us about units (states) and system as a whole. Theory should tell us about units (states) and system as a whole.

4 International system state-level explanations are important but the impact of structure should be examined state-level explanations are important but the impact of structure should be examined Structure defined by anarchy and the distribution of capabilities across states. Structure defined by anarchy and the distribution of capabilities across states. No differentiation of functions between different states. No differentiation of functions between different states.

5 Distribution of capabilities Power defined more broadly to go beyond military power and ability to use military power Power defined more broadly to go beyond military power and ability to use military power Power defined as the combined capabilities of states Power defined as the combined capabilities of states States are functionally similar but different in terms of their power States are functionally similar but different in terms of their power Power/capabilities as determinants of state behaviour/foreign policy choice Power/capabilities as determinants of state behaviour/foreign policy choice

6 The Balance of Power The distribution of power at a systemic level. The distribution of power at a systemic level. A mechanism to prevent the dominance of any one state in the international system. A mechanism to prevent the dominance of any one state in the international system. Can be natural or strategy pursued by states. Can be natural or strategy pursued by states. Does not preserve peace, but preserves security of states. Does not preserve peace, but preserves security of states.

7 Hegemony One state is dominant in the international system. One state is dominant in the international system. Two periods of hegemony: Pax- Britannica and Pax-Americana. Two periods of hegemony: Pax- Britannica and Pax-Americana. When conditions of hegemony prevail – much better chance institutions will be created and/or function effectively When conditions of hegemony prevail – much better chance institutions will be created and/or function effectively Why? Why?

8 Hegemonic Stability Theory (HST) Developed to explain the collapse of economies and the onset of depression in early 20 th Century. Developed to explain the collapse of economies and the onset of depression in early 20 th Century. International system always tends towards instability. International system always tends towards instability. But this can be avoided if dominant state assumes leadership (hegemonic) role. But this can be avoided if dominant state assumes leadership (hegemonic) role.

9 Example of HST in action Bretton Woods system (GATT, World Bank, IMF) Bretton Woods system (GATT, World Bank, IMF) Provided system of economic rules, values and norms based on US domination of world system post Provided system of economic rules, values and norms based on US domination of world system post 1945.

10 To conclude … Neo-realists are more concerned than classical realists with the system in which states exist and interact. Neo-realists are more concerned than classical realists with the system in which states exist and interact. It is also more concerned with conditions of international anarchy It is also more concerned with conditions of international anarchy Bridges realism with liberalism: introduces idea of co-operation BUT via hegemonic powers. Bridges realism with liberalism: introduces idea of co-operation BUT via hegemonic powers.