1. Theoretical Perspectives

2. What are theoretical foundations?
Theories that provide alternate interpretations of big ideas
Different perspectives to view our “key concepts” (from last time)
Depend on context
In this instance – how do we explain how/why states seek power?

3. Theory 1: Realism View world in competitive terms
Global politics dominated by states (rather than other orgs or actors)
States act in own self-interest (national security)
Theorist: John Mearsheimer ---- “Structural” Realism
International system is anarchic no credible power above the states
States can’t be sure of other states’ intentions/ abilities

4. Theory 2: Liberalism More cooperative view of world
Many actors influence outcomes (not just states, but also IGOs, MNCs, NGOs, individual actors, etc….)
Primary concern is for justice, liberty, equality
Theorist: Joseph Nye
Soft power

5. Theory 3: Critical Theories
Umbrella term for theories that critique 1+ major aspects of other theories, current world order, or ways of organizing life
Ex: feminism, environmentalism, post-colonialism, Marxism
Theorist: Antonio Gramsci (first ½ of 1900s)
Cultural hegemony: Ruling class rules over culturally diverse society, their ideas become “norm” & seen as good for everyone, even if only good for ppl in power

6. More on realism & liberalism
Mearsheimer explains structural realism: (9)
Joseph Nye’s TED Talk on global power shifts: (18)