Counter Reformation Council of Trent Reforms Ignatius of Loyola Inquisition Missionary work Establish schools

The Reformation created a loss of religious unity in W. Europe – Some countries became Protestant and others remained Catholic

Civil Wars in England, France and German States – French religious wars ( ) Huguenots (French Protestants) vs. Catholics

Peasant Wars in German States inspired by Protestant challenges to authority Treaty of Augsburg – Allowed German Princes to determine the religion of the people of his state

Spanish Catholics vs. English Protestants – Spanish armada defeated after attempting to invade England

Thirty Years War ( ) – War that began in German States as a Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire – Treaty of Westphalia Treaty ending the war Provided religious toleration to Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire

Reformation increased anti-Semitism in Europe – persecution of Jews in both Catholic and Protestant countries – Were forced to live in separate neighborhoods Ghettos

Strong religious feelings led people to accuse others of being witches – Led to deaths of accused people – Often were women

Individual monarchs and states gained power as Church power declined – Paved the way for the rise of nation- states

Causes  Humanism led people to question church authority  Some clergy were corrupt and interested in worldly gain  Martin Luther posted 95 Theses protesting indulgences  The Printing press helped spread Reformation ideas Causes  Humanism led people to question church authority  Some clergy were corrupt and interested in worldly gain  Martin Luther posted 95 Theses protesting indulgences  The Printing press helped spread Reformation ideas Effects  Many new Protestant churches develop  Catholic Church began reforms  Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increase  Religious conflicts spread across Europe Effects  Many new Protestant churches develop  Catholic Church began reforms  Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increase  Religious conflicts spread across Europe

Growing emphasis on individual Growing prosperity of merchants Decline of feudalism and growth of power of kings and princes Printing press and spread of learning Humanism; Art celebrates individual expression Merchants sponsor artists to beautify cities Rulers sponsor artists and philosophers Political, social, and artistic theories spread Individuals interpret the Bible themselves German merchants resent flow of money to Church in Rome Rulers defy Pope and become Protestant Luther’s ideas spread; Bibles printed in vernacular Social Changes Effect on the Renaissance Effect on the Reformation

Closure Identify two effects that the Reformation and counter reformation had on Europe.