Cultures in Conflict Chapter 17

Native Americans Control the West ► By 1866 most American Indians had been removed from eastern Texas. However, many tribes still roamed west Texas. ► Federal soldiers left western Texas to fight in the Civil War, leaving the western regions vulnerable to attack. ► Settlers in West Texas were defenseless, and some moved east to safer areas.

Native Americans Control the West ► To prevent further attacks, federal soldiers were stationed in West Texas. ► Forts were built too far apart, and there were not enough soldiers to prevent Indian attacks. ► American Indians had advantages because they knew the territory

The Search for Peace ► In 1867 the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek was signed. Terms of the Treaty included: 1- American Indians agreed to live on reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). 2- Federal government would provide food and supplies, but 3- Federal troops would not be allowed on Reservations. 3- Indians would agree to stop making raids on Anglo American settlements.

The Search for Peace ► Many federal agents assigned by President Grant were Quakers, who did not believe in violence. ► Quaker Lawrie Tatum, the agent in Indian Territory, worked to educate the Plains people in agriculture so they could live in the Anglo world.

The Peace Policy Fails ► Peace did not come to western Texas because many Native American leaders did not sign the treaty. ► About one-half of the Comanches and many Kiowas refused to move to reservations.

The Peace Policy Fails The Peace Policy Fails ► Kiowa chief Satanta insisted that West Texas belonged to the Comanches and Kiowas. ► Known as the “Orator of the Plains”... ► he believed that without the buffalo, they could not survive on reservations.

The Peace Policy Fails ► Comanche chief Quanah Parker, son of Peta Nocona and Anglo American woman Cynthia Ann Parker ► Cynthia had been captured by Comanches as a child; her son Quanah, spent 10 years raiding Anglo settlers trying to stop the spread of Anglo settlements.

Cynthia Ann Parker Quanah Parker

The Peace Policy Ends ► The Peace Policy failed and the Native American raids continued. ► General William T. Sherman went to West Texas to investigate.

The Peace Policy Ends ► Satanta was sent to the state prison at Huntsville. He found prison life intolerable and is believed to have killed himself. ► The peace policy was then abandoned, and the army began a campaign to destroy Native American camps and force them onto reservations.

Native Americans Depend on the Buffalo ► Native Americans feared the decreasing numbers of buffalo would end their way of life. ► Native Americans used every part of the buffalo, including skins, horns, and sinews

Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered ► The buffalo slaughter began in the 1870s, and by 1873 the herds north of Texas were gone. Hunters then began moving onto the Texas plains.

Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered ► A law was proposed in the Texas legislature to protect the buffalo, but General Philip Sheridan, commander of the U.S. military of the Southwest, helped to defeat the bill. ► Without the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and other necessities, the Native Americans of the Plains could not survive, so they struck back to save their culture.

The Attack on Adobe Walls ► In June 1874 Quanah Parker led several hundred warriors from five Native American nations in an attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp at Adobe Walls. ► 28 men and 1 woman in camp took up a defense in a saloon and 2 stores in the town. They held the off the Native American attacks losing only 3 men.

The Attack on Adobe Walls ► Enraged by their inability to defeat the buffalo hunters Quanah Parker and the other warriors retreated. ► Joined by many Native Americans on reservations, the Plains people spread across 5 states and territories, killing 190 Anglo Americans in 2 months.

The Red River Campaign ► President Grant put the army in charge of Native American affairs in West Texas. ► About 4,000 Comanches, Kiowas, and Cheyenne spread their camps into canyons and valleys in the Texas Panhandle.

The Red River Campaign The Red River Campaign ► The first battle of the Red River campaign was fought in late August ► The army did not halt the search for Native Americans’ camps until the following spring.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon ► The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on September 28, 1874, was the most decisive battle of the Red River campaign. ► By early November most of the Native American bands had given up and were headed toward reservations.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon ► After the Red River campaign, Native Americans rarely were seen on the prairies of Central and West Texas. ► Kickapoo and Apache warriors, however, continued their struggle for a few more years in the border country along the Rio Grande.

I’m just a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,

► Native Americans called the African American troops "buffalo soldiers," a title of great respect.  Experienced campaigners, skilled in warfare on the frontier  The army recognized their courage.  Nineteen buffalo soldiers received Medals of Honor from Congress for service in the U.S. Army during the wars in the American West. Buffalo Soldiers

► Between 1528 and 1890: 95% of Texas Indians died ► o 30,000 Anglo and Hispanic settlers in Texas o 15,000 Plains Indians ► By 1860, o there were less than 8,000 Indians, o and 600,000 Anglo settlers in Texas. o The Texans further had access to repeating rifles and revolvers. Time of Sadness for Native Americans

► Ambitious ranchers took advantage of the lack of law and order to expand their lands and herds of cattle. ► Many poorer people, especially those of Mexican heritage, lost their lands and were mistreated in other ways. ► In many cases it was difficult to determine the true ownership of cattle. West Texas Expansion

► Anglo American settlers poured into western Texas immediately after the removal of the Native Americans. ► They settled along transportation routes and quickly built new towns. ► The railroads being built west from Fort Worth and Temple brought farming communities to lands that only a few years before had been the home of the Comanche. West Texas Expansion

► Large amount of land available ► Large supply of wild longhorn on the Texas frontier ► Demand for beef in the northern and eastern United States ► Longhorns were worth $40 a head in northern city packinghouses