Setting a course of Expansionism

Continental expansion complete! Now what?

Beginnings of Imperialism ► American Business leaders were eager to open new markets with China and Japan ► Meanwhile, many European nations were expanding their markets by acquiring colonies in Africa and Asia.

So what is Imperialism? ► (Def.) empire building, the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.  Protectorate – territory in which an imperial power allowed the local ruler to stay in control in return for ensuring support for the imperial power’s policies. ► Imperialism was a major reason for the outbreak of WWI

Expansion Debate Realism  Foreign policy should benefit the American people ► National security ► Increase trade ► Increase access to resources Idealism Foreign policy should promote American values and ideals Democracy Liberty Rights

Imperialist ► For Expansion ► Must expand to compete economically- ”Social Darwinism” - Henry Cabot Lodge ► Must spread our Anglo-Saxon Civilization to uncivilized ► “Christianize and civilize” Josiah Strong ► Must become a major world power. Build a strong navy. (Would need to acquire islands to be used as supply stations for US Navy )- Alfred Thayer Mahan

Anti-Imperialist ► Against Expansion  Un-American, America should use its powers for peace - Carl Shurtz  Expansion will not allow the US to remain neutral in world affairs

Trouble in Cuba ► Cubans struggle for independence from Spain ► Americans begin investing in sugar plantations ► Spanish General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba to crush rebellion ► Weyler puts Cuban rebels into Reconcentration camps ► American people sympathize, American investors worry

Spanish American War (4/19/98 – 8/12/98)  President McKinley sends USS Battleship Maine to Cuba to “protect American interests”  USS Maine sinks in Havana Harbor  April 25, 1898 Congress declares war on Spain

Yellow Journalism ► MAJOR cause of Spanish American War ► Yellow Journalism – sensationalist reporting in which writers often exaggerate or make up stories to attract readers  Stories of the poor Cuban people being persecuted at the hands of ruthless Spaniards  Newspapers blame Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine

USS Maine

First battle in the Philippines ► Why? Philippines are Spain's largest remaining colony ► So…  1.Naval blockade of Cuba  2.Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish Fleet in Manila  3. 20,000 US troops sent to the Philippines  4. Manila surrenders

Fighting then moves to Cuba. ► Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders charge and capture San Juan Hill. ► American navy sinks Spanish ships in the harbor ► The Splendid Little War is over in 4 months

Results of Spanish American War ► America is now seen as “Major World Power” ► Treaty of Paris  Cuba becomes independent ► US naval base at Guantanamo Bay  US gains Puerto Rico and Guam  US buys Philippines for $20 million

Philippines' fight for independence from US ► Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo helped US defeat Spain ► Aguinaldo asks for Independence ► US wants the Philippines – “uplift, civilize, and Christianize” ► Guerilla fighting erupts ► US captures Aguinaldo ► 200,000 Filipinos/5,000 Americans dead

Jingoism ► (def.) an aggressive form of nationalism  Major cause of WWI

Teddy Roosevelt ► Expands involvement overseas ► Big Stick Policy -speak softly but carry a big stick ► Roosevelt Corollary - the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs to keep the Western Hemisphere economically and politically stable.

China and “Open Door Policy” US Interest in China ► US wanted to increase trade with China ► US wanted to prevent foreign colonization of China. ► Open Door Policy allows free trade in China ► Chinese tried to restore national control –Boxer Rebellion, but were crushed by US, Europe, Japan Boxer Rebellion (1900)

The Panama Canal ► $10 million yearly rent offer to Columbia ► US helps panama overthrow Columbian rule ► US Builds Panama canal, a shortcut for warships and commercial shipping between Atlantic and Pacific ocean ► US pays Republic of Panama$10 yearly rent 8,000 miles shorter trip

Hawaii ► US planters prosper in Hawaii – sugarcane and pineapple ► US military forces help planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani (1891) ► Hawaii becomes a US territory  Sanford B. Dole becomes the first head of government

The Great White Fleet ► the popular nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe ► Ordered by Theodore Roosevelt ► Designed to demonstrate growing American military power

Results ► Cuba is “free” (Platt Amendment) ► US gets Guam and Puerto Rico ► and the Philippines for $20 million ► Filipinos not very happy  Reconcentration camps established to make them happy