1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS Write the three parts of the cell theory: 1. The cell is the basic unit of life 2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells 3. All cells come from existing cells

2. Cells How does a cell obtain energy and raw materials (pg 92)? Endocytosis How does a cell get rid of wastes (pg 93)? Exocytosis What surrounds the cell and enables the exchanges to take place? Cell membrane

3. ALL LIVING THINGS MAKE ENERGY 3. ALL LIVING THINGS MAKE ENERGY. IN ORDER TO DO THIS IT MUST MOVE CHEMICALS INTO THE CELL AND MOVE WASTES OUT OF THE CELL. Passive transport processes: Diffusion and Osmosis Active transport processes: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

4. Diffusion Write the definition of diffusion. The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration Write a definition of osmosis. The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane What does the word concentration have to do with diffusion? Particles move from crowded areas (highly concentrated) to less crowded areas (low concentration)

5. Draw an illustration of Diffusion The particles of the dye (a high concentration of dye) slowly mix with the gelatin (a low concentration of dye) by the process of diffusion.

6. Osmosis Review: What is a molecule (pg 44)? A substance made when 2 or more atoms combine What is a semi-permeable membrane (pg 91)? A membrane that only allows certain substances to pass in or out What does equilibrium mean (refer to the article we read in class)? In balance True or False: Cells must keep water and concentration of particles in balance (equilibrium) to remain healthy. TRUE

7. Passive Transport Write the definition of passive transport. Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Examples: Diffusion Osmosis

8. Draw an illustration of Passive Transport across a cell membrane In passive transport, particles travel through proteins from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. NO ENERGY IS USED.

9. Active Transport Write a definition of active transport. The movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy. Usually this process involves the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Examples: Endocytosis Exocytosis

10. Draw an Illustration of Active Transport across a cell membrane In active transport, cells use energy to move particles through proteins from areas of lower concentratin to areas of higher concentration. ENERGY IS NEEDED.

Endocytosis requires ENERGY (Trick: Endo = INTO) Write the definition of endocytosis. The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle INTO the cell Is endocytosis a passive transport process or an active transport process? It is an ACTIVE TRANSPORT process

12. Illustrate the three steps of ENDOCYTOSIS (Each step needs a caption explaining what is happening)

13. Exocytosis requires ENERGY (Trick: Exo = EXIT) Write the definition of exocytosis. A vesicle forms around a large particle within the cell and carries the particle to the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and RELEASES the particle to the outside of the cell Is exocytosis a passive transport process or an active transport process? It is an ACTIVE TRANSPORT process

Illustrate the three steps of EXOCYTOSIS (Each step needs a caption explaining what is happening)

15. ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY All cells need energy to live, grow and develop, respond to changes, and reproduce. Plant cells capture energy from the sun. Animal cells get energy from food. Animal cells get energy from their food in two different ways: cellular respiration (2 words) and fermentation. Define each of these processes: Photosynthesis – the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, CO2, and H2O to make food Cellular respiration – the process by which cells use O2 to get energy from food Fermentation - the process by which cells get energy from food without the use of O2

Photosynthesis Makes FOOD Plant cells capture energy from the sun and change it into food. The food that plants make supplies them with energy. Write a definition of chlorophyll. The main pigment found in chloroplasts that is used in photosynthesis Chlorophyll gives plants their green color. Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis Makes FOOD Write the chemical equation (pg 94) for photosynthesis. Under each component draw an illustration to help you remember this equation. 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen + 

Cellular Respiration Makes ENERGY Most complex organisms obtain energy through cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, food (such as glucose) is broken down into CO2 and H2O, and energy is released. In animals, most of the energy released helps maintain body temperature. Some of the energy is used to form ATP (energy that fuels cell activities).

20. Cellular Respiration Makes ENERGY Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration (pg 95). Under each component draw an illustration to help you remember the equation. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP) Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water ATP  +

21. The CONNECTION between Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis transforms energy from the sun into glucose. During photosynthesis, cells use CO2 to make glucose, and the cells release O2. During cellular respiration, cells use O2 to break down glucose and release energy and CO2. Each process makes the materials that are needed for the other process to occur elsewhere.

22. Fermentation Makes ENERGY Write the definition of fermentation. The breakdown of food without the use of oxygen One kind of fermentation happens in your muscles and produces lactic acid. The buildup of lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and causes a burning sensation. This kind of fermentation also happens in the muscle cells of other animals and in some fungi and bacteria. Another type of fermentation occurs in some types of bacteria and yeast.

23. ALL LIVING THINGS GROW AND DEVELOP,REPRODUCE, AND HAVE DNA Cell Cycle and Cell Division Write a definition of the cell cycle. The life cycle of a cell The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed. Then cell cycle ends when the cell divides. Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its DNA (hereditary material that controls all cell activities, including the making of new cells). Copying chromosomes ensures that each new cell will be an exact copy of its parent cell.

24. Cell Division in Prokaryotes Write a definition of prokaryotic cell (review). A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Draw an illustration of a typical prokaryotic cell (review). What is an example of a prokaryote (review)? Bacteria or Archaea What does binary fission mean (pg 98). Splitting into 2 parts Binary fission results in two cells that each contain one copy of the circle of the circle of DNA.

25. Illustrate Binary Fission (p 98) Include a caption. Prokaryotic cells reproduce by the process of binary fission. In this process, the circle of DNA is copied and then the cell splits into two cells.

26. ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE DNA Eukaryotic Cells and DNA The chromosomes in eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than prokaryotic cells do. The number of chromosomes depends on the organism. Example: Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes, potatoes have 48 chromosomes, and humans have 46 chromosomes. In eukaryotes, does having more chromosomes mean you are a more complex organism? NO

Illustrate the human chromosome (You must show all 23 pairs of chromosomes)

28. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle There are three stages in the eukaryotic cell cycle: Interphase - the cell grows and copies its organelles and chromosomes. Mitosis - a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes. Cytokinesis - the cytoplasm begins to divide and two identical cells are formed.

29. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

30. RECAP – Putting it all together List the six characteristics of life and at least one cell process/cell feature related to the characteristic. Living things are made of one or more cells Ex: Cell theory Living things have DNA Ex: ALL cells have chromosomes made of DNA Living things need and use energy Ex: Active transport (endocytosis) brings food into the cell Living things grow and develop Ex: The cell cycle (the cell is formed, grows, and divides) Living things reproduce Ex: binary fission (prokaryotic cells) or mitosis (eukaryotic cells) Living things sense and respond to change Ex: The cell allows materials to move in and out

31. RECAP – Putting it all together If all the plants in the world were destroyed, what do you think would happen to the rest of the living things and why? Other living things would die. Plants capture energy from the sun to make food. This food also becomes the source of energy for the organisms that eat plants. The meat of those organisms becomes the source of food for meat-eaters. Without plants (which are the only organisms that can capture the sun’s energy and convert it into food) everything else would die.

32. REVIEW Name the five building blocks of the cell. Beside the building blocks list any cell part or cell process that depends on this chemical. Proteins – used in the cell membrane for passive and active transport Lipids – the cell membrane is made of phospholipids ATP – produced by cellular respiration and fermentation in the mitochondria Nucleic Acid – DNA in all cells carries genetic information during cellular reproduction Carbohydrates – photosynthesis makes glucose (a sugar) which is a carbohydrate. Glucose is then broken down into energy during cellular respiration or fermentation.