continued A day to night method of sleep is called the circadian rhythm. This corresponds with the pattern of the sun as in sunrise and sunset. But If you take away all time cues then you body will run off a 25 hr clock called free- running rhythm

continued Sleep is divided into stages based on brain waves EEGs or electroencephalograms which provide a picture of the electrical activity of the brain

Stages of sleep First stage produces small irregular waves called beta waves As sleep gets deeper then the transfer to theta waves Second stage pattern of waves are called sleep spindles –Broken up into K complexes which are large, slow waves. –Skeletal muscles are completely relaxed in this stage

Stages continued Stages 3 & 4 delta waves are common but with a larger proportion of them in stage 4 all stages beside the last one are considered non-rem or NREM –The eyes are still

REM (rapid eye movement) In this stage the eyes move vigorously. –This is associated when dreaming however is not the only stage where you sleep This is also called paradoxical sleep because the brain waves show as you are awake

Insomnia This is lack of sleep, which can take the form of an inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep. Stress, can cause temporary insomnia as can alcohol or a stimulant as caffeine

Narcolepsy Is the inability to stay awake –They have urges to sleep at inappropriate times –They only sleep for a few minutes –Can be treated but the cause of the disorder is unknown

Sleep Apnea Is a disorder in which a person repeatedly stop breathing while sleeping It happens hundred of times during sleep leaving the sufferer exhausted during the day –Correlated with obesity ad also liked to alcohol consumption –SIDS maybe be a form of sleep apnea

Hypnosis Is an altered state of consciousness which the hypnotized person is under complete relaxation. –Neodissociative theory: somehow divides or dissociates the mind into two parts –Posthypnotic suggestion: are instructions given to people when they are hypnotized that are to be implented after they wake

Psychoactive drug effects Another way to receive alter state is by using psychoactive drug –Divided into four broad categories Central nervous system (CNS) CNS stimulants Narcotics Hallucinogens

CNS depressants Are drugs that slow down the CNS –Include alcohol, barbiturates and tranquilizers elevate your mood and relax inhibitions while the same time inducing intoxication Intoxication = state of behavioral and cognitive impariament Alcohol = decrease neural dopamine levels, reduction in attention and motor ability Includes dizziness, slurred speech, impaired judgment. etc

Barbiturates Are drugs hat inhibit neural arousal centers –Results in decreased anxiety, increase relaxation and sleep –Very dangerous when mixed with alcohol –And very addictive Tranquilizer – reduce anxiety w/o inducing sleep

CNS stimulants Caffeine is a mild CNS. This accelrates your heart rate and constricts blood vessels Reduces levels of Adenosine, a nuerochemical regulator Amphetamines powerful CNS, increase body temp & heart rate –Found in most diet products

Continued Cocaine is an extremely potent, increases heart rate and blood pressure –Users feel as though they have increased mental and social ability –Highly addictive Nicotine – found in tobacco smoke, mixed with stimulant & depressent behavioral effects